The Benefits and Costs of Metropolitan Growth: a Survey of the Issues
Abstract
In recent years the notion of sustainable cities has been much in vogue. The attractiveness of this term stems from the combination of environmental equity (both inter-generational and intra-generational) with economic growth embedded within it. It implies that all these aspects should be taken into account when determining metropolitan growth paths. Yet, in practice much of the discussion either remained at the conceptual level or focused on a subset of issues, such as energy efficiency. This paper surveys a wide array of issues and aspects regarding the benefits and costs of metropolitan growth. It identifies to what extent each aspect is pertinent to the debate today, and attempts to make a first step toward defining these aspects in terms of specific planning objectives or evaluation criteria. In particular, the paper identifies the main trade-offs that need to be addressed in determining metropolitan growth paths.References
Alonso, W. (1971) The economics of urban size. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 26:67-84.
Alonso, W. (1980) The population factor and urban structure. In Solomon, A.P. (ed.) The Prospective City. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 32-51.
Alperovich, G. (1995) The Relationship between income inequality and city size: A general equilibrium model of an open system of cities approach. Urban Studies, 32: 85 3-862.
Altshuler, A.A. and Gomez-Ibanez, l.A. (1993) Regulation for Revenue: The Political Economy of Exactions. Washington D.C. and Boston: Brookings Institution and Lincoln Institute for Land Policy.
Audirac I., Shermyen, A.H. and Smith, M.T. (1990) Ideal urban form and visions of the good life: Florida's growth management dilemma. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56:470-482.
Banister, D.(1992) Energy use transport and settlement patterns. In: Breheny, M.J. (ed.) Sustainable Development and Urban Form. London: Pion, pp. 160-181.
Baran, B. (1985) Office automation and women's work: The technological transformation of the insurance industry. In: Castells, M. (ed.) High Technology Space and Society. Beverley Hills: Sage, pp. 143-171.
Barnett, H.J. and Morse, C. (1963) Scarcity and Growth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Barlow,J. (1995) The politics of urban growth: 'Boosterism' and 'Nimbyism' in European boom regions. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19: 129-144.
Bateman, I. J. (1993) Valuation of the environment methods and techniques: Revealed preference methods. In: Turner, R.K. (ed.) Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management,. London and New York: Belhaven, pp. 120-191.
Bateman, I.J. and Turner, R.K. (1993) Valuation of the environment method and technique: Contingent valuation method. In: Turner, R.K. (ed.) Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management. London and New York: Belhaven, pp. 192-265.
Batie, S. and Healy, R.G. (1983) The future of American agriculture. Scientific American, 248 (2):45-53.
Batten, D.F. (1995) Network cities: creative urban agglomerations for the 21st century. Urban Studies, 32:313-327.
Beatiy, T. (1988) Equity and distributional issues in infrastructure planning: A theoretical perspective. In: Stein, J.M. (ed.) Public Infrastructure Planning and Management. Beverley Hills: Sage.
Bell, M. and Feitelson, E. (1991) US economic restructuring and demand for transportation services. Transportation Quarterly, 45 :517-538.
Berry, B.j.L. (1976) The counterurbanization process: Urban America since 1970. In: Berry, B.J.L. (ed.) Urbanization and Coumer-Urbanization. Beverley Hills: Sage, pp. 17-30.
Berry, B.J.L. (1985) Islands of renewal in seas of decay. In: Peterson, P.E. (ed.) The New Urban Reality. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, pp. 69-98.
Bluestone, B. and Harrison, B. (1982) The Deindustrialization of America. New York: Basic Books.
Bookchin, M. (1980) Towards an Ecological Society. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Booth, A. (1976) Urban Crowding and Its Consequences. New York: Praeger.
Breheny, M.J. (ed.) (1992a) Sustainable Development and Urban Form. London: Pion.
Breheny, M.J. (1992b) The Contradictions of the compact city: A review. In:
Breheny, M.J. (ed.) Sustainable Development and Urban Form. London: Pion, pp. 138-159.
Brown, L.R. (1994) Facing food insecurity. In: Brown, L.R. (ed.) State of the World 1994. New York: W.W. Norton, pp.177-197.
Burchell, R.W. (ed.) (1988) Development Impact Analysis. Piscataway N.J.: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University.
Button, K.J. and Pearce, D.W. (1989) Improving the urban environment: How to adjust national and local government policy for sustainable growth. Progress in Planning, 32: 135-184.
Cadman, D. and Payne, G. (eds.) (1990) The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future. London: Routledge.
Castells, M. (1985) High technology, economic restructuring, and the urban-regional process in the United States. In: Castells, M. (ed.) High Technology Space and Society. Beverley Hills: Sage, pp. 11-40.
Champion, A.G. (1993) Geographical distribution and urbanization. In: Noin, D. and Woods, R. (eds.) The Changing Population of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chicione, D.L. (1981) Farmland values at the urban fringe: An analysis of sale prices. Land Economics, 57:353-62.
Clark, G.L., Gertler M.S. and Whiteman j.E.M. (1986) Regional Dynamics. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Danielson, M.N. and Wolpert, j. (1992) Rapid metropolitan growth and community disparities. Growth and Change, 23:494-515.
Davelaar, E.J. and Nijkamp, P. (1987) New models of industrial innovation and spatial dynamics: A case study for the Netherlands. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Regional Science Association, Baltimore.
Davidson, I. (1995) Do we need cities any more? Town Planning Review, 66:iiiVi.
Davies, W.K.D. and Herbert, D.T.(1993) Communities Within Cities. London: Belhaven.
Dolan, L.W., Wolpert, J. and Seley, J.E. (1987) Dynamic municipal allocation analysis. Environment and Planning A, 19:93-105.
Donnison, D. with Soto, P. (1980) The Good City: A Study of Urban Development and Policy in Britain. London: Heineman.
Dowall, D.E. (1984) The Suburban Squeeze. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Downs, A. (1981) Neighborhoods and Urban Development. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute.
Downs, A. (1995) New Visions for Metropolitan America. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute.
Duncan, O.D. (1949) An Examination of the Problem of Optimum City-Size. Ph.D. Dissertation (Arno Press, 1980).
Dunford, R.W. (1984) Property tax relief programs to preserve farmlands. In: Steiner, F.R. and Theilacker, J.E. (eds.) Protecting Farmlands. Westport Conn.: Avi.
Dyckman, J.W. (1987) Determinants of metropolitan structure. In: Galantay, E.Y.(ed.) The Metropolis in Transition. New York: Paragon.
The Economist, 1995, Cities: Survey, July 29th.
Etzioni, A. (1996) Positive aspects of community and the danger of fragmentation. Development and Change, 27:301-324.
Feitelson, E. (1996) A Model of the Development of Environmental Conflicts in Metropolitan Areas. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (in press, in Hebrew).
Felsenstein, D. (1996) High technology firms and metropolitan locational choice in Israel: A look at the determinants. Geografiska Annaler, 78B:43-58.
Fischel, W.A. (1982) The urbanization of agricultural lands: A review of the NALS. Land Economics, 58:236-59.
Fischel, W.A. (1985) The Economics of Zoning Laws. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fischel, W.A. (1989) What do economists know about growth controls? A research review. In: Brower, D.J. et aI. (eds.) Understanding Growth Management: Critical Issues and Research Agenda. Washington D.C.: The Urban Land Institute, pp. 59-86.
Freeman, A.M. (1979) The Benefits of Environmental Improvement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Frey, W.H. (1995) Immigration and internal migration 'flight' from US metropolitan areas: Toward a new demographic Balkanisation. Urban Studies, 32:733-757.
Furuseth, O. J.. and Pierce, J.T. (1982) Agricultural Land in an Urban Society. Washington D.C.: Association of American Geographers.
Gardner, J.L. (1979) City size and municipal service costs. In: Tolley, G.S., Graves P.E., and Gardner, J.L. (eds.) Urban Growth Policy in a Market Economy. New York: Academic Press.
Garreau, J. (1991) Edge Cities. New York: Doubleday.
Gertler, M.S. (1995) 'Being There': Proximity, organization and culture in development and adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies. Economic Geography, 71: 1-26.
Gillespie, A. and Williams, H. (1988) Telecommunications and the reconstruction of comparative advantages. Environment and Planning A, 20: 1311-1321.
Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkman, J.A. and Shleifa A. (1992) Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 100:1126-1152.
Goldberg, M. and Chinloy, P. (1984) Urban Land Economics. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Goodchild, R. and Munton, R. (1985) Development and the Landowner. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Gulick, J. (1989) The Humanity of Cities. New York: Bergin and Garvey.
Hakim, S., Ovadia A., Sagi E. and Weinblatt J. (1979) Interjurisdictional spillover of crime and police expenditure. Land Economics, 55:200-12.
Hall, P. (1988) Cities of Tomorrow. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hall, P., Gracey, H., Drewett, R. and Thomas, R. (1973) The Containment of Urban England. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Hall, R. (1993) Family structures. In: Noin, D. and Woods, R. (eds.) The Changing Population of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hamilton, B.W. (1975) Zoning and property taxation in a system of local governments. Urban Studies, 12:205-11.
Hampton, W. (1991) Local Government and Urban Politics. London: Longman.
Hanley, N. and Spash, C. (1993) Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment. Edward Elgar.
Hart, J.F. (1991) The perimetropolitan bow wave. The Geographical Review, 81:35-51.
Harvey, D. (1973) Social Justice and the City. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Harvey, D. (1985) The Urbanization of Capital. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Harvey, D. (1989) From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Amzaler B, 71B:3-17.
Haughton, G. and Hunter, C. (1994) Sustainable Cities. London: Jessica Kingsely Publishers.
Healy, H..G. and Short, J.L. (1983) Changing markets for rural lands: Patterns and issues. In: Platt, R.H. and Macinko, G. (cds.) Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues in non-Metropolitan America. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press, pp. 109-134.
Hicks, D.A. (1987) Geo-industrial shifts in advanced metropolitan economics. Urban Studies, 24:460-79.
Hoch, I. (1987) City size and US urban policy. Urban Studies, 24:570-86.
Hosier, R. (1992) Energy and environmental management in eastern African cities. Environment and Planning A, 24:1231-1254.
Howard, E. (1902) Garden Cities of Tomorrow. (MIT Press, 1965).
Huddleston, J.R.(1986) Distribution of development costs under tax increment financing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 52: 194-198.
Isserman, A.M. (1976) Interjurisdictional spillovers political fragmentation and the level of local public services. Urban Studies, 13: 1-12.
Jacobs, J. (1984) Cities and the Wealth of Nations. New York: Vintage.
Jones, E. (1990) Metropolis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kenyon, D.A. (1988) Competitive federalism: A new look at interjurisdictional tax competition. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington D.C.
Kipnis, B.A. and Swyngedouw, E.A. (1988) Manufacturing research and development in a peripheral region: The case of Limburg Belgium. Professional Geographer, 40:149-58.
Knight, R.V. (1995) Knowledge-based development policy and planning implications for cities. Urban Studies, 32:225-260.
Kropotkin, P. (1913) Fields, Factories, and Workshops. (Benjanlin Bloom, 1968).
Kresl, P.K. (1995) The determinants of urban competitiveness: A survey. In: Kresl, P.K. and Gappert, G. (eds.) North American Cities and the Global Economy: Challenges and Opportunities. Sage, pp. 45-64.
Krugman, P. (1991) Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99:483-499.
Lampard, E.E. (1987) The nature of urbanization. In: Sharpe, W. and Wallock, L. (eds.), Visions of the Modern City. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Landis, J.D. (1987) An empirical basis for national urban policy. Urban Studies, 24:518-33.
Lees, L.H. and Hohenberg, P.M. (1988) How cities grew in the western world: A systems approach. In: Ausubel, J.H. and Herman, R. (eds.) Cities and Their Vital Systems. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
Lichfield, N. (1970) Evaluation methodology of urban and regional plans: A review. Regional Studies, 4:151-165.
Lichfield, N. Kettle, P. and Whitbread, M. (1975) Evaluation in the Planning Process. Oxford: Pergamon.
Lillydahl, J.H. and Singell, L.D. (1987) The effects of growth management on housing markets: A review of the theoretical and empirical evidence. Journal of Urban Affairs, 9:63-77.
Logan, J. and Molotch, H.(1987) Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Long, L.H. (1980) Back to the countryside and back to the city in the same decade, In: Laska, S. and Spain, D. (eds.) Back to the City: Issues in Neighborhood Renovation. New York: Pergamon.
Lowe, P., Murdoch, J. and Cox, G. (1995) A civilized retreat? Anti-urbanism rurality and the making of an Anglo-centric culture. In: Healy, P., Cameron, S., Davoudi, S. Graham, S. and Madani-Pour, A. (eds.) Managing Cities: The New Urban Context. Chichester: John Wiley and sons, pp. 63-109.
Lowry, LS. (1960) Filtering and housing standards: A conceptual analysis. Land Economics, 36:362-70.
Malecki, E.J. (1989) What about people in high technology? Some research and policy considerations. Growth and Change, 20:67-78.
Mankiw, G.N. and Weil, D.N. (1989) The baby boom, the baby bust and the housing market. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 19:235-258.
Mayer M. (1995) Urban governance in the post-Fordist city. In: Healy, P., Cameron, S., Davoudi, S., Graham, S., and Madani-Pour, A.(eds.) Managing Cities: The New Urban Context. Chichester: John Wiley and sons, pp. 231-250.
Mazor, A. (1993) The Land Resource and Spatial Planning. In: A. Mazor (ed.) Israel 2020: Strategic Plan (or Israel. Haifa: Technion, Final Report Phase A, vol 2 (in Hebrew).
Mills, E.S. and McDonald, J.F. (1992) (eds.) Sources of Metropolitan Growth. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Urban Policy Research.
Mingione, E. (1993) The new urban poverty and the underclass. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17:324-326.
Mingione, E. (1995) Social employment change in the urban arena. In: Healy, P., Cameron, S., Davoudi, S., Graham S., and Madani-Pour, A. (eds.) Managing Cities: The New Urban Context. Chichester: John Wiley and sons, pp. 195-208.
Moss, M.L. (1987) Telecommunications world cities and urban policy. Urban Studies, 24:534-546.
Muller, T.(1976) Economic Impacts o( Land Development. Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute.
Mumford, L. (1938) The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Mumford, L. (1961) The City in History. London: Seeker and Warburg.
Munasinghe, M. and McNeely, J. (eds.) (1994) Protected Area Economics and Policy: Linking Conservation and Sustainable Development. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
Newman, P.W.G. and Kenworthy, J.R. (1989) Gasoline consumption and cities: A comparison of U.S. cities with a global survey. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55 :24-36.
Nicholas, J.C. and Nelson, A.C. (1988) Determining the appropriate development impact fees using the rational nexus test. Journal of the American Planning Association, 54:56-66.
Norton, R.D. (1987) The once and present urban crisis. Urban Studies, 24:480-8.
Oates, W.E. and Schwab, R.M. (1988) Economic competition among jurisdictions: Efficiency enhancing or distortion inducing? Journal of Public Economics, 35:333-354.
Ogden, P.E. (1993) Evolution of the population: A slow growth. In: Noin, D. and Woods, R. (eds.) The Changing Population of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 6-22.
Onishi, T. (1994) A capacity approach for sustainable urban development: An empirical study. Regional Studies, 28:39-51.
Owens, S. (1992) Energy environmental sustainability and land-lIse planning. In: Brehcny, M.J. (cd.) Sustainable Development and Urban Form. London: Pion, pp. 79-105.
Palmquist, R. (1991) Hedonic methods. In: Braden, ].B. and Voistad, C.D. (cds.) Measuring the Demand for Environmental Quality. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Pierce, J.T. and Furuseth, O.J. (1983) Assessing the adequacy of north American land resources. Geoforum, 14:413-25.
Platt, R.H. (1985) The farmland convcrsion debate: NALS and beyond. Professional Geographer, 37:433-42.
Pred, A. (1977) City-Systems in Advanced Economies. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Proulx, P-P (1995) Determinants of growth and decline of cities in North America, In: Kresl, P.K. and Gappert, G. (cds.) North American Cities and the Global Economy: Challenges and Opportunities. Sage, pp. 171-186.
Pryke, M. and Lee, R. (1995) Place your bets: Towards an understanding of globalization, socio-financial engineering, and competition within a financial centre. Urban Studies, 32:329-344.
Pugh, C. (1995) International structural adjustment and its sectoral and spatial impacts. Urban Studies, 32:261-285.
Ramirez, J.M. (1987) Urban stress in the metropolis: Psychobiological consequences. In: Galantay, E.Y. (ed.) The Metropolis in Transition. New York: Paragon.
Richardson, H.W. (1973) The Economics of Urban Size. Farnsborrogh: Saxon House.
Robins K., (1995) Collective emotion and urban culture, In: Healy P., Cameron S., Dauoudi S., Graham S., and Madani-Pour A. (cds.), Managing Cities: The New Urban Context. London: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 45-62.
Rogers, A. and Woodward, J. (1988) The sources of regional elderly population growth: Migration and aging-in-place. Professional Geographer, 40:451-459.
Roobeek, A.J.M. (1990) The crisis of Fordism and the rise of new technological paradigm. In: A. Kuklinski (ed.) Globality Versus Locality. Warsaw: University of Warsaw, pp. 139-166.
Sassen, S. (1991) The Global City: New York. London, Tokyo, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Saxenian, A. (1984) The urban contradictions of Silicon Valley: Regional growth and the restructuring of the semiconductor industry. In: Sawers, L. and Tabb, W.K. (eds.) Sun belt/Snowbelt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schoenberger, E. (1988) From Fordism to flexible accumulation: Technology competitive strategies and international location. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 6:245-262.
Scott, A.J. (1988) Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
Sennett, R. (1970) The Uses of Disorder: Personal Identity and City Life. New York: Vinatge.
SetcheIl, e.A. (1995) The growing environmental crisis in the world's megacities: the case of Bangkok. Third World Planning Review, 17: 1-18.
Shachar, A. (1995) World cities in the making: The European context. In: Kresl, P.K. and Gappert, G. (eds.) North American Cities and the Global Economy: Challenges and Opportunities. Sage, pp. 150-170.
Simon, J.L. (1981) The Ultimate Resource. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Simon, J.L. and Sudman, S. (1982) How much land is being converted to urban use? An analysis of soil conservation service estimates. International Regional Science Review, 7:257-72.
Sonstclie, J. and Gin, A. (1982) Residential development and the cost of local public services. In: Johnson, M.B. (cd.) Resolving the Housing Crisis: Government Policy Decontrol and the Public Interest. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Spain, D. (1993) Been-heres versus come heres: Negotiating conflicting community identities. Journal of the American Plamling Association, 59: 156-171.
Speare, A., Liu, P.K.E. and Tsay, C. L. (1988) Urbanization and Development: The futral-Urban Transition in Taiwan. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.
Stanback, T.M. (1985) The changing fortunes of metropolitan economies. In: Castclls, M. (ed.) High Technology Space and Society. Sage, pp. 122-142.
Storper, M. and Walker, R. (1984) The spatial division of labor: Labor and the location of industries. In: Sawers, L. and Tabb, W.K. (eds.) Sunbelt/Snowbelt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sui, D.Z. and Wheeler, J.O. (1993) The location of office space in the metropolitan service economy of the United States 1985-1990. Professional Geographer, 45:33-43.
Tiebout, C.M. (1956) A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economics, 64:416-24.
Thomas, B. (1972) Migration and Urban Development. London: Methuen.
Thompson, W.R. (1965) A Preface to Urban Economics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tolley, G.S. (1979) Comparing the gains and costs of city growth. In: Tolley, G.S., Graves, P.E. and Gardner, J.L. (eds.) Urban Growth Policy in a Market Economy. New York: Academic Press.
Tolley, G.S., Graves, P.E. and Gardner,J.L. (eds.) (1979) Urban Growth Policy in a Market Economy. New York: Academic Press.
Warf, B. (1995) Telecommunications and the changing geographies of knowledge transmission in the late 20th century. Urban Studies, 32:361-378.
Warnes, A.M. (1993) Demographic aging: Trends and policy responses. In:
Noin, D. and Woods, R.(eds.) The Changing Population of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 82-99.
Wilder, M.G. (1985) Site and situation determinants of land use change: An empirical example. Economic Geography, 61:332-44.
Williams, R. (1973) The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press,
Willis, K.G. and Benson, J. (1993) Valuing environmental assets in developed countries. In: Turner, R.K. (ed.) Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management. London and New York: Belhaven, pp. 269-295.
Wilson, W.J. (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wolman, A. (1965) The metabolism of cities. Scientific American, 213:178-193.
Wolpert, J. (1991) The costs of regional growth. In: Hart, J.F. (ed.) Our Changing Cities. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 170-188.
Wolsink, M. (1994) Entanglement of interests and motives: Assumptions behind the NIMBY-theory on facility siting. Urban Studies, 31:851-866.
- The contributor(s) (authors) warrant that the entire work is original and unpublished; it is submitted only to this Journal and all text, data, figures/tables or other illustrations included in this work are completely original and unpublished, and these have not been previously published or submitted elsewhere in any form or media whatsoever.
- The contributor(s) warrant that the work contains no unlawful or libelous statements and opinions and liable materials of any kind whatsoever, does not infringe on any copyrights, intellectual property rights, personal rights or rights of any kind of others, nor contains any plagiarized, fraudulent, improperly attributed materials, instructions, procedures, information or ideas that might cause any harm, damage, injury, losses or costs of any kind to person or property.
- The contributor(s) retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- Geography Research Forum may disseminate the content of the publications and publications’ Meta data in text, image, or other print and electronic formats to providers of research databases (e.g. EBSCO, GeoBase, JSTOR) to facilitate publications' exposure.
