On Geography, Cartography and the "Fourth Language"
Abstract
Maps, the traditional tool of the geographer, can easily be reconciled with recent developments in geography. Indeed, they can be seen as a powerful integrating force within the discipline. Also important is their educational role of inculcating spatial thinking. Maps can be used in three ways: to store geographical information; as a medium of communication or spatial language; and to generate and test hypotheses. In many curricula cartography and statistics have become divorced, but the spatial analysis paradigm seeks to marry the two practical sides of the subject. Cartography can also be part of the theory of geography. A map is a model, and also a communications device, but the value of information science to cartography is equivocal. Other disciplines, such as philosophy and anthropology, also use the notion of the map as a theoretical analogy.
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