The Expansion of the Settlement Frontier on Hebron's Western and Southern Fringes
Abstract
Settlement expansion in the margin of the Hebron Mountains is associated with an adjustment to modern conditions and increasing population pressure. It is rooted in traditional modes of life, involving communities of seminomadic herders and farmers who practiced, in some areas, modified transhumance, and who spent a major part of the year in caves and ruins. The alternative explanation that such expansion is the result of mobility into areas formerly threatened by Beduin or other uncontrollable groups is less adequate. Documentation is available from an extensive analysis of nineteenth century literature and sixteenth century tax registers. Field research included personal observations and interviews with village headmen and elders.
References
Abir, M. (1975), "Local Leadership and Early Reforms in Palestine 1800-1834," in Ma'oz, M. (ed.), Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, pp. 284-310.
Albright, W.F. (1926), "The Excavations at Tell Beit Mirsin I," Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 23, pp. 2-4.
Albrighti W.F. (1939), "The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology," Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 74, pp. 11-33.
Ali Bey Abassi (Badia Y. Leblich) (1816); The Travels of Ali Bey, London: Longman.
Alsberg, P.A. (1976), "The Government Archives as a Source for the History of the Yishuv During the Ottoman Period," Cathedra, 1, pp. 172-81 (Hebrew).
Amiran, D.H. (Kallner) (1948), "Dura: The Nature of Settlement in the Beduin Frontier," Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society, 14, pp. 30-38 (Hebrew).
el 'Aref, 'Aref (1937), Beer Sheva and its Tobes, trans. by M. Kapelyuk, Tel Aviv, (Hebrew).
Artzi, E. (unpublished manuscript), "Kefar Sava in its Region." (Hebrew).
Assaf, M. (1941), The Arabs under the Crusaders, the Mameluks, and the Turks, Tel Aviv: Davar (Hebrew).
Bailey, C. (1980), "The Negev in the Nineteenth Century: Reconstructing History from Bedouin Oral Traditions," Asian and African Studies, 14, pp. 35-80.
Bartlett, S.C. (1879), From Egypt to Palestine, London: Samson.
Buchanan, K.M. and Pugh, J.C. (1958), Land and People in Nigeria, rev. (ed.) London: University of London Press.
Conder, C.R. (1878), Tent Work in Palestine, 2 vols. London: Bentley.
Conder, C.R. and Kitchener, H.H. (1881-1883) The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology, 3 vols. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
Dror, T. (1979), "Changes in the Arab Village in Judea and Samaria between 1967 and 1974: Case Study of Four Villages in Beit Horon district," unpublished M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University (Hebrew with English Abstract).
Falah, S. (1975), "A History of the Druze Settlements in Palestine during the Ottoman Period, in Ma'oz, M. (ed.), Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, pp. 39-48.
Finn, J. (1877), Byways in Palestine, London: Nesbit.
Finn, J. (1878), Stirring Times, 2 vols. London: Kegan Paul.
Fisk, G. (1843), A Pastors Memorial of the Holy Land Visited in 1842, London: Seeley.
Golani, G. (1968), "The Changing Human Landscape in the Nahal'lron (Wadi'Ara) Region," The New East, 18, pp. 42-63 (Hebrew).
Granquist H. (1931) Marriage Conditions in a Palestinian Village, Helsingfors: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.
Grossman, D. (1975), "Iboland's Population Distribution: A Geographical Historical Approach to an Explanation and Application," Journal of Developing Areas, 9, pp. 253-70.
,Grossman, D. and Safrai, Z. (1980), "Satellite Settlements in Western Samaria," Geographical Review, 70, pp. 446-61.
Grossman, D. (1981), "The Bunched Settlement Pattern: Western Samaria and the Hebron Mountains," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S. 6, pp. 491-505.
Grossman, D. (forthcoming), "Northern Samaria: A Process-Pattern Analysis of Rural Settlement." Canadian Geographer.
Guerin, V. (1868), Description Geographique, Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine, Part I: Judee, 3 vols. reprint of the 1868 Paris ed; Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1969.
Hasselquist, F. (1766), Voyages and Travels in the Levant in the Years 1749-52, London: Davis and Reymers.
Hoexter, M. (1973), "The Role of Qays and Yaman Factions in Local Political Divisions," Asian and African Studies, 9, pp. 249-312.
Hofman, (1963), "Muhammed Ali in Syria," unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University.
Hi.itteroth, W.O. (1979), "Aspects of Regional Differences in the Organization of Administration in the Sixteenth Century: Ottoman Fiscal Treatment of Peripheral Regions and Nomads in Southern Greater Syria." paper presented at the Conference on the Legacy of Ottoman Palestine, University of Haifa, December 1979.
Hi.itteroth, W.O. and Abdulfattah, K. (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late Sixteenth Century, Erlangen: Palm and Enke.
Israel, Ministry of Agriculture (1977), Yatir Region (Mimeographed, Hebrew)
Karmon, Y. (1958), "Regional Geography of the Sharon Plain, Israel," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Karmon, Y. (1966), A Geography of Settlement in Eastern Nigeria, Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Kochavi, M. (1972), Judea, Samaria and Golan: Archaeological Survey in the Year 5728 (1967-8), Jerusalem: Carta (Hebrew).
Lindsay, AE. (1838), Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land, 2 vols. London.
Macalister, R.AS. and Masterman, E.W.G. (1906), "Occasional Papers on the Modern Inhabitants of Palestine," Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 3, pp. 33-55.
Ma'oz, M. (1968), Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine 1840-1861, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Morison, A.(1704), Relation Historique d'un Voyage ... a Jerusalem, Toul: Laurent.
von MLilinen, E. (1908), "Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Karmel," Zeitschrift des Deutschen PalastinaVereins, 31, pp. 1-258.
Nefus (Souls) Lists, various dates 1905-1916, Israel Archives, Vols. 209-29.
al Nimr, Ihsam (1975), The History of Nablus and Balaqa Mts., Nablus: Matba'at Jam'iyat Amal Almutabi'u Alta'awniya (Arabic).
Palestine (1923), Report and General Abstract of the Census of 1922, Jerusalem: Greek Convent.
Peake, F.G. (1958), A History of Jordan and Its Tribes, Coral Gables Fla.: University of Miami Press.
Pococke, R. (1745), A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, London: Bowyer.
PRO, FO 1951292, pp. 719-22 of 27 September, 1850; PRO FO 195/369, p. 226 of 3
September, 1852; pp. 172-81 of 29 May, 1852; pp. 327-29b of 26 April, 1853; pp. 117-19
of 11 February, 1852; pp. 200-3 of 21 June, 1852; p. 226 of 3 September, 1852.
Reifenberg, A (1955), The Struggle between the Desert and the Sown: Rise and Fall of Agriculture in the Levant, Jerusalem: Bialik.
Robinson, E. and Smith, E. (1841), Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, 3 vols. Boston: Crocker and Brewster.
Seetzen, U.J. (1854-9), Reisen durch Syrien, Palastina, die Transjordan-Lander, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten, 4 vols. Berlin: Reimer.
Shmueli, A (1969), "Two Faces of the Village Si'ir," Teva Vaaretz, 11, pp, 125-30 (Hebrew).
Smilanskaya, I.M. (1966) "The Disintegration of Feudal Relations in Syria and Lebanon in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century," in Issawi, C. (ed.), The Economic History of the Middle East, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tibawi, AL. (1969), A Modern History of Syria, London: Macmillan.
Toledano, E. (1979), "The Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Patterns of Rural Settlement and Demographic Trends," in Cohen, A (ed.), Jerusalem in the Early Ottoman Period, Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi, pp. 61-92 (Hebrew).
Toledano, E. (unpublished manuscript), "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population."
Tristram, H.B. (1866), The Land of Israel, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
Udo, R.K. (1963), "Patterns of Population Distribution and Settlement in Eastern Nigeria," Nigerian Geographical Journal, 6, pp. 73-87.
Volney, M. C-F. (1787), Travels through Syria and Egypt in the Years 1783, 1784 and 1785, 2 vols., republ. in 1972, London: Robinson.
Yaari, A. (1951), Messengers of the Land of Israel, Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook (Hebrew).
- The contributor(s) (authors) warrant that the entire work is original and unpublished; it is submitted only to this Journal and all text, data, figures/tables or other illustrations included in this work are completely original and unpublished, and these have not been previously published or submitted elsewhere in any form or media whatsoever.
- The contributor(s) warrant that the work contains no unlawful or libelous statements and opinions and liable materials of any kind whatsoever, does not infringe on any copyrights, intellectual property rights, personal rights or rights of any kind of others, nor contains any plagiarized, fraudulent, improperly attributed materials, instructions, procedures, information or ideas that might cause any harm, damage, injury, losses or costs of any kind to person or property.
- The contributor(s) retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- Geography Research Forum may disseminate the content of the publications and publications’ Meta data in text, image, or other print and electronic formats to providers of research databases (e.g. EBSCO, GeoBase, JSTOR) to facilitate publications' exposure.
