Housing Transformation within Urbanized Communities: The Arab Palestinians in Israel
Abstract
This paper discusses the residential transformation process within the Arab Palestinian community in Israel as a result of urbanization. It highlights the variety of housing models applicable to sub-groups of the Arab population according to geographical distribution, ethno-religious affiliation, and type of locality where different urbanization trends and social and physical rural environments are key characteristics. The most common residential model for this population group is the self-built house. The self-built house is common for upper-middle class Israeli Jews, while it remains the model of choice of lower-middle class Arab Israelis. This paper also considers the critical changes and processes of housing supply and demand as a result of the urbanization process, examining the planning, social and political factors, as well as the obstacles that have a direct impact on the Arab housing market.References
Abu-Lughod, J. (1996) Urbanization in the Arab World and International System. In: Gugler J. (ed.) Urban Transformation of the Developing World, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 185-208.
Abu-Sada, J. and Thawaba, S. (2011) Multi criteria analysis for locating sustainable suburban centers: A case study from Ramallah governorate, Palestine. Cities, 28: 381-393.
Akbar, J.A. (1988) Crisis in the Built Environment; The Case of Muslim City. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Al-Hathlol, S.B.A. (1994) Arab Islamic City; Impact of the Legal in Shaping the Built Environment. Fahed Publication, al-Reyde. (In Arabic)
Al-Haj, Majed (1995) Kinship and modernization in developing societies: The emergence of instrumentalized kinship. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 26(3)3: 311-328.
Alterman Rachelle and Stav, Tami (2001) Confrontation and Agreement in the Hand of Language: Relations of Local and Regional Plans to the Arab Sector in Israel. Haifa, Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Technion. (In Hebrew)
Aluko, O.E. (2010) Impact of urbanization on housing development: The Lagos experience, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(2): 64-75.
Berry, B.J.L. (ed.) (1976) Urbanization and Counterurbanization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bourne, L. (2001) Urban sprawl debate: Myths, realities and hidden agendas. Plan Canada, 41: 26-30.
Cannana, T. (1933) Palestine Arab House: Its Architecture and Folklore. Jerusalem: Syrian Orphanage Press.
Central Bureau of Statistic (CBS) (2005) Statistical Abstract of Israel, no. 58. Jerusalem. (In Hebrew)
Central Bureau of Statistic (CBS) (2010) Statistical Abstract of Israel, no.61. Jerusalem. (In Hebrew)
Central Bureau of Statistic (CBS) (2011) Statistical Abstract of Israel, no. 62. Jerusalem. (in Hebrew)
Champion, T. and Hugo, G. (eds.) (2004) New Forms of Urbanization, Beyond the Urban-Rural Dichotomy. Aldershot, Eng.: Ashgate.
Despres, C. (1991) Meaning of home: Literature review and directions for future research and theoretical development. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 8(2): 96-115.
EbenSaleh, M.A. (2002) Transformation of residential neighborhood: The emergence of new urbanism in Saudi Arabian culture. Building and Environment, 37: 515-529.
Elshestawy, Y. (ed.) (2008) Evolving Arab City; Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development. London: Routledge.
El-Taji, Maha (2007) Arab local councils in Israel: The democratic state and the hamula. In Lazin, Fred, Wollmann, H., Hoffmann-Martinot, V. and Evans, M. (eds.) Local Government Reforms in Countries in Transition: A Global Perspective, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 253- 272.
El-Taji, Maha (2008) Arab local authority in Israel: Hamulas, nationalism and dilemmas of social change. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Forman, G, and Kedar, S. (2004) From Arab lands to “Israel lands”: The legal dispossession of the Palestinians displaced by Israel in the wake of 1948.
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22(6): 809-830.
Galilee Society (2008) Socio-Economic Survey of the Palestinians in Israel 2007, Main Findings, Galilee Society, ShefaAmr.
Henderson, J.V. and Wang, G.H. ( 2005) Aspect of the rural-urban transformation of countries. Journal of Economic Geography, 5: 23-43.http://joeg.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/1/23.full.pdf+html
Hlihel, A. (2011) Barriers and motives for internal immigration among Palestinian citizens of Israel. In Khamaisi, R. (ed.) Fourth Book on Arab Society in Israel, Population, Society, Economy. Tel-Aviv: Van Leer Jerusalem Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publication House, pp. 69-86. (In Hebrew)
Hidalgo, M.A. and Hernandez, B. (2001) Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical
questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3): 273-281.
Kafkoula, K., (2009), New Towns. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, pp. 428-437.
Khamaisi, R. (1990) Planning and Housing Among the Arabs in Israel. Tel-Aviv: International Center for Peace in the Middle East.
Khamaisi, R. (1996) New Towns Alongside Existing Towns. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. In Hebrew.
Khamaisi, R. (2004) Urbanization without cities: The urban phenomena among the Arabs in Israel. In: Maos, J.O., Inbar, M., Shmueli, D.F. (eds.) Contemporary Israeli Geography, Special issue, Horizons in Geography, 60(6): 41-50.
Khamaisi, R. (2005) Urbanization in Arab localities in Israel. Contemporary Israeli Geography, Special issue, Horizons in Geography, 64-65: 293-310. (In Hebrew)
Khamaisi, R. (2007) Between Customs and Laws: Planning and Management of Land in Arab Localities in Israel. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. (In Hebrew)
Khamaisi, R. (2008) The Arab Population in the Mixed Cities in Israel, Mixed City Project. Jerusalem: Shatil. (In Hebrew)
Khamaisi, R. (2009) Between home and apartment: Changing housing among the Arabs in Israel. In Khamaisi, R. (ed.) The Third Book on Arab’s Society in Israel, Population, Society, Economy. Tel-Aviv: Van Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, pp: 280- 303. (In Hebrew)
Khamaisi, R. (2010) Between the Hammer and the Anvil: Spatial and structural barriers in outline plans of the Arab Localities in Israel. In Haidar, A. (ed.) The Collapse of Arab Local Authorities: Suggestions for Restructuring. Tel Aviv: Van Leer Jerusalem Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publication House, pp. 47-75. (In Hebrew)
Khamaisi, R. (2012) Transition from ruralism to urbanization: The case of Arab localities in Israel. Themes in Israel Geography, Special issue, Horizons in Geography, 79-80: 168-183.
Kipnis, B. (1976) Trends of the Minority Population in the Galilee and Their Planning Implications. Ir ve’ Ezor (City and Region) 3: 54-68. (In Hebrew)
Kretzmer, D. (2002) Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel. Jerusalem: Institute for Israeli Arab Studies and the Van Leer Institute Jerusalem Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publication House. (In Hebrew)
Khoury, S. (2011) Migration of Arabic population to Jewish development towns in Israel: Case study of Karmiel. MA Thesis, Department of Geography, Haifa University. (In Hebrew)
Levin, A. (2007) Givat Fardes: Between “Arab Village” to “Building Your House.” In Cohen, S. and Amer, T. (eds.) Housing Style; Architecture and Society in Israel. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, pp. 44-64.
Mai, M.M. and Rahman, M. (2010) Cultural sustainability: Contrasting housing transformation patterns of peri-urban Abuja and core Dhaka settlements. Urbanism, 1(3): 265-280.
Mai, M.M., and Shamsuddin, S. (2008) Ethnic Spatial identity in the context of urbanization: The transformation of Gbagyi compounds in North Central Nigeria. Journal of Urbanism, 1(3): 265-280.
Meir, A. (2003) From planning advocacy to independent planning: The Negev Bedouin on the path to democratization in planning. Working paper 22. Beer-Sheva: Negev Center for Regional Development. (In Hebrew)
Meir-Brodnitz, M. (1986a) Social Aspects in Planning in the Arabs Sector; The Regulative Planning and the Process of Self-housing. Haifa: Center for City and Region Research, Technion. (In Hebrew)
Meir-Brodnitz, M (1986b) Suburbanization of Arab settlements in Israel. Horizons in Geography, 17-18: 105-124. In Hebrew.
Masry-Herzalla, A., Razin, E. and Choshen, M. (2011) Jerusalem As an Internal Migration Destination for Israeli-Palestinian Families. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Studies, Hebrew University. (In Hebrew)
Ozacky-Lazar, S. and Ghanem, A. (eds) (2003) The Orr Testimonies: Seven Professional Opinions Submitted to the Orr Committee. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing. In Hebrew.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistic (PCBS) (2010) Statistical Abstract of Palestine, no. 11. Ramallah.
Pugh, C. (1995) Urbanization in Developing Countries: An Overview of Economic and Policy Issues in the 1990s. Sheffield, Eng.: Sheffield Hallam University.
Rikaz Databank (2011) Palestinians in Israel; 3rd Socio- Economic Survey 2010, Main Findings. ShefaAmr: Galilee Society.
Rosenhek, Z. (1996) Housing Policy toward the Arabs in Israel 1950s-1970s. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. (In Hebrew)
Said, M. (1991) Settling of internal refugees in the Arab localities in the north of the country (Israel), Unpublished research, Department of Geography, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. (In Hebrew)
Schnell I. and Fares, A. (1996) Towards High-Density Housing in Arab Localities in Israel. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. (In Hebrew)
Sheuya, A.S. (2007) Reconceptualizing housing finance in informal settlements: The case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Environment and Urbanization, 19(2): 441-456.
Shmueli, D. and Khamaisi, R. (2011) Bedouin communities in the Negev: Models for planning the unplanned. Journal of American Planning Association, 77(2): 109-125.
Sikkuy (Association for Advanced Civic Equality in Israel) (2009) Equality Index between Jewish and Arab Citizens in Israel. Haifa and Jerusalem. (In Hebrew)
Song, Y., Zenou, Y. and Ding, C. (2008) Let’s not throw the baby out with the bath water: The role of urban villages in housing rural migration in China, Urban Studies, 45(2): 313-330.
Stephens, M. (2010) Locating Chinese Urban Housing Policy in an International Context, Urban Studies, 47(14): 2965-2982.
Suleiman, S. (2011) Structure of Housing Decisions by Arab Households in Israel, PhD Disseration, Tel Aviv University. (In Hebrew)
Tzfadia, E. (2006) Public housing as control: Spatial policy of settling immigrants in Israeli development towns. Housing Studies, 21(4): 523–537.
United Nations (2008) World urbanization prospects; The 2007 revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf
Wang, Y. P., Wang, Y. and Wu, J. (2009) Urbanization and informal development in China: Urban villages in Shenzhen. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(4): 957- 973.
Werczberger, E. (1995) Role of public housing in Israel: Effects of privatization. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 12(2): 93-108.
Yiftachel, O. (1992) Planning a Mixed Region in Israel. Aldershot, Eng.: Avebury.
- The contributor(s) (authors) warrant that the entire work is original and unpublished; it is submitted only to this Journal and all text, data, figures/tables or other illustrations included in this work are completely original and unpublished, and these have not been previously published or submitted elsewhere in any form or media whatsoever.
- The contributor(s) warrant that the work contains no unlawful or libelous statements and opinions and liable materials of any kind whatsoever, does not infringe on any copyrights, intellectual property rights, personal rights or rights of any kind of others, nor contains any plagiarized, fraudulent, improperly attributed materials, instructions, procedures, information or ideas that might cause any harm, damage, injury, losses or costs of any kind to person or property.
- The contributor(s) retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- Geography Research Forum may disseminate the content of the publications and publications’ Meta data in text, image, or other print and electronic formats to providers of research databases (e.g. EBSCO, GeoBase, JSTOR) to facilitate publications' exposure.
