Diffusion Research in the Context of the Naturalism Debate in Twentieth-Century Geographic Thought
Abstract
The variety of diffusionist traditions found in geography is best understood in terms of the broad conceptual shifts that have occurred in human geography during the twentieth century. Diffusion research can be seen as having passed through four stages: environmentalism, regional synthesis, spatial analysis and postspatial analysis. The description of each stage in terms of the naturalism debate illustrates the manner in which basic beliefs concerning the nature of geographical science infuse questions of significance. theory and method in the study of diffusion.References
Agnew, J. 1979. "Instrumentalism, Realism, and Research on the Diffusion of Innovation." Professional Geographer 31, 364-70.
Barnes, B. 1982. T.S. Kuhn and Social Science. London: Macmillan.
Bhaskar, R. 1979. The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of Contemporary Human Sciences. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press.
Bidney, D. 1953. Theoretical Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press.
Billinge, M., Gregory, D., and Martin, R. 1984. "Reconstructions." In Recollections of a Revolution: Geography as Spatial Science, edited by M. Billinge, D. Gregory, and R. Martin, 3-24. London: Macmillan.
Blaikie, P. 1978. "The Theory of the Spatial Diffusion oflnnovations: A Spacious Cui de Sac." Progress in Human Geography 2, 268-95.
Blaut, J. 1977. "Two Views of Diffusion." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67, 343-49.
Blaut, J. 1984. "Diffusionism: A Uniformitarian Critique." Paper presented at the XXV International Geographical Congress, Paris, France.
Brown, L. 1981. Innovation Diffusion: A New Perspective. New York: Methuen.
Burger, T. 1976. Max Weber's Theory of Concept Formation. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
Campbell, J., and Livingstone, D. 1983. "Neo-Lamarckism and the Development of Geography in the United States and Britain." Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, n.s. 8, 267-94.
Carlstein, T. 1982. Time Resources, Society and Ecology: On Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time, vol. 1. London: Allen & Unwin.
Entrikin, J. N. 1984. "Carl O. Sauer: Philosopher in Spite of Himself." Geographical Review 74, 387-408.
Gould, P. 1984. "Statistics and Human Geography: Historical, Philosophical, and Algebraic Reflections." In Spatial Statistics and Models, edited by G. Gaile and C. Willmott, 17-32. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel.
Gregory, D. 1985. "Suspended Animation: The Stasis of Diffusion Theory." In Social Relations and Spatial Structures, edited by D. Gregory and J. Urry, 296-336. London: Macmillan.
Hagerstrand, T. 1967. Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. Translated by A. Pred. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hagerstrand, T. 1974. "Ecology under One Perspective." In Ecological Problems of the
Circumpolar Area, edited by E. Bylund, E. Linderholm, and O. Rune, 271-76. Lulea, Sweden: Norrbottens Museum.
Hagerstrand, T. 1983. "In Search for the Sources of Concepts." In The Practice of Geography, edited by A. Buttimer, 238-56. New York: Longman.
Hesse, M. 1980. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Johnston, R.J. 1979. Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945. New York: Wiley.
Kniffen, F. 1936. "Louisiana House Types." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 26, 179-93.
Kniffen, F. 1951. "The American Covered Bridge." Geographical Review 41, 114-23.
Kniffen, F. 1978. "The Physiognomy of Rural Louisiana." In Environment and Culture, edited by H.J. Walker and M.B. Newton, 199-204. Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Kroeber, A. 1952. The Nature of Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuklick, H. 1980. "Boundary Maintenance in American Sociology: Limitations to Academic 'Professionalization'." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 16, 201-19.
Lowie, R. 1937. The History of Ethnological Theory. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
Masterman, M. 1970. "The Nature of Paradigm." In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave, 59-89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meir. A. 1982. "Spatial-Humanistic Perspective ofInnovation Diffusion Processes." Geoforum 13, 57-68.
Oakes, G. 1980. "Translator's Note." History and Theory 19, 165-68.
Pred, A. 1967. "Postscript." In Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process, by T. Hagerstrand, 229-324. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Runciman, w.G. 1983. A Treatise on Social Theory: The Methodology of Social Theory, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sauer, C. 1925. "The Morphology of Landscape." University of California Publications in Geography 2, 19-54.
Sauer, C. 1927. "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography." In Recent Developments in the Social Sciences, edited by E.e. Hayes, 154-212. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Sauer, C. 1936. "Regional Reality in Economy." Unpublished manuscript. Sauer Papers. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Sauer, C. 1941. "Foreword to Historical Geography." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 31, 1-24.
Sauer, C. 1947. Letter to Joseph Willits, 18 December. Sauer Papers. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Sayer, A. 1984. Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. London: Hutchinson.
Semple, E. 1903. American History and Its Geographic Conditions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Semple, E. 1911. Influences of Geographic Environment: On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropogeography. New York: Holt.
Semple, E. 1931. The Geography of the Mediterranean Region: Its Relation to Ancient History. New York: Holt.
Stocking, G.W., Jr. 1968. Race, Culture and Evolution. New York: Free Press.
Stoddart, D.R. 1981. "Ideas and Interpretation in the History of Geography." In Geography, Ideology and Social Concern, edited by D.R. Stoddart, 1-7. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Thomas, D. 1979. Naturalism and Social Science: A Post-Empiricist Philosophy of Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Windelband, W. 1980. "History and Natural Science." History and Theory 19, 169-85.
Wolf, E. 1981. "Alfred Kroeber." In Totems and Teachers, edited by S. Silverman, 35-55. New York: Columbia University Press.
- The contributor(s) (authors) warrant that the entire work is original and unpublished; it is submitted only to this Journal and all text, data, figures/tables or other illustrations included in this work are completely original and unpublished, and these have not been previously published or submitted elsewhere in any form or media whatsoever.
- The contributor(s) warrant that the work contains no unlawful or libelous statements and opinions and liable materials of any kind whatsoever, does not infringe on any copyrights, intellectual property rights, personal rights or rights of any kind of others, nor contains any plagiarized, fraudulent, improperly attributed materials, instructions, procedures, information or ideas that might cause any harm, damage, injury, losses or costs of any kind to person or property.
- The contributor(s) retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- Geography Research Forum may disseminate the content of the publications and publications’ Meta data in text, image, or other print and electronic formats to providers of research databases (e.g. EBSCO, GeoBase, JSTOR) to facilitate publications' exposure.