The Spatial Epidemiology of Pandemic Influenza in Seattle, 1918-1919

  • Jonathan D. Mayer University of Washington
Keywords: Influenza Pandemic, Intraurban Mortality Characteristics

Abstract

In 1918 and 1919 a major influenza pandemic killed between 20 million and 50 million of the world's population. Its diffusion on an international basis has been discussed previously, but its intraurban characteristics are largely unknown. Within Seattle the outbreak struck young adults most seriously, and mortality was highest among immigrants from certain European and Asian countries. The diffusion of influenza mortality within the city is identified, using geostatistical and centrographic measures.

References

Ackernecht, E. H. 1965. History and Geography of the Most Important Diseases. New York: Hafner Press.

Armstrong, D. B. 1919. "Influenza Observations in Framingham, Massachusetts." American Journal of Public Health 9,960-64.

Beveridge, W.I.B. 1977. Influenza: The Last Great Plague. New York: Prodist.

Bureau of the Census. 1922. Fourteenth Census of the United States Vol. 2, Population 1920: General Report and Analytical Tables. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Burton, J.; Kates, R. W.; and White, G. F. 1978. The Environment as Hazard. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cliff, A. D.; Haggett, P.; Ord, J. D.; and Versey, G. R. 1981. Spatial Diffusion: An Historical Geography of Epidemics in an Island Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crosby, A. W., Jr. 1976. Epidemic and Peace, 1918. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Davenport, F. M. 1976. "Influenza Viruses." In Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, edited by A. S. Evans, 273-96. New York: Plenum.

Galishoff, S. 1969. "Newark and the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 43, 246-58.

Glezen, W. P.; Couch, R. B.; and Six, H. R. 1982. "The Influenza Herald Wave." American Journal of Epidemiology 116, 589-98.

Haggett, P. 1976. "Hybridizing Alternative Models of an Epidemic Diffusion Process." Economic Geography 52, 136-46.

Handlin, O. 1959. Immigration as a Factor in American History. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Hirsch, A. 1883. Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology. Translated by Charles Creighton. London: New Sydenham Society, Vol. 1, 7-17.

Hunter, J. M., and Young, J. C. 1971. "Diffusion of Influenza in England and Wales." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61, 637-53.

lnada, R. 1919. "Clinical Observations on Influenza." Journal of the Association of Japanese Internal Medicine 8, 471.

Jordan, E. O. 1927. Epidemic Influenza: A Survey. Chicago: American Medical Association.

Kaplan, M. M., and Webster, R. G. 1977. "The Epidemiology of Influenza." Scientific American 237, 88-106.

Katz, R. S. 1974. "Influenza 1918-1919: A Study in Mortality." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48, 416-22.

Katz, R. S. 1977. "Influenza 1918-1919: A Further Study in Mortality." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 51, 617-19.

Kilbourne, D. 1979. "Influenza." In Cecil Textbook of Medicine, edited by P. B. Beeson, W. McDermott, and I B. Wyngaarden, 240-46. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

Kilbourne, D., ed. 1975. The Influenza Viruses and Influenza. New York: Academic Press.

Le Count, E. It. 1919. "The Pathologic Anatomy ofInfluenzal Bronchopneumonia." Journal of the American Medical Assocation 72, 650.

Learmonth, A. 1978. Patterns of Disease and Hunger: A Study in Medical Geography. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles.

Lee, S. T. 1919. "Some of the Different Aspects between Influenza, Pneumonia, and Pneumonic Plague." New York Medical Journal 110, 401.

McNeill, W. 1976. Plagues and Peoples. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor.

Morrill, R. L. 1971. "On the Arrangement and Concentration of Points in the Plane." In Perspectives in Geography, vol. 1: Models of Spatial Variation, edited by H. McConnell and D. W. Yaseen, 29-43. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

Morrill, It. L., and Angulo, J. J. 1979. "Spatial Aspects of a Smallpox Epidemic in a Small Brazilian City." Geographical Review 69, 318-30.

Mulder, J., and Hers, IF.P. 1972. Influenza. Groningen, Netherlands: WoltersNordhoff.

Pehu, M., and Ledoux, E. 1918. "Revue documentaire sur l'epidemic actuelle de grippe en France." Annales de Medecin 5, 579.

Phipson, E. S. 1923. "The Pandemic of Influenza in India in the Year 1918." Indian Medical Gazette 58, 509.

Pyle, G. F. 1969. "Diffusion of Cholera in the United States." Geographical Analysis 1, 59-75.

Pyle, G. F. 1980. "Geographical Perspectives on Influenza Diffusion: The United States in the 1940's." In Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography, Studies in Geography No. 15, edited by M. S. Meade, 222-49. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.

Sale, It. 1976. Seattle: Past to Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Schmid, D. F. 1944. Social Trends in Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1918a. 4 August.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1918b. 25 September.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1918c. 27 September.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1918d. 4 October.

Shope, R. E. 1958. "Influenza: History, Epidemiology, and Speculation." Public Health Reports 73, 165-78.

Shryock, R. H. 1979. The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Thomison, J. B. 1978. "The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Nashville." Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association 71, 261-70.

Tuchman, B. W. 1978. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Ballantine Books.

Winslow, C. E., and Rogers, ]. F. 1920. "Statistics of the 1918 Epidemic of Influenza in Connecticut." Journal of Infectious Diseases 26, 185-216.

Published
2016-02-10