Mobility along Socio-cultural Borders: Brisk-walking in Bedouin Towns

  • Arnon Ben-Israel Kaye Academic College
  • Avinoam Meir Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Keywords: Bedouin, brisk-walking, socio-cultural borders, urbanity, constructing mobile third-place, borrowing space

Abstract

Substantial changes in contemporary Bedouin society are reflected in the rise of 'affluence morbidities' which suggest that there is an increasing need to engage in physical activity. Brisk-walking, recently practiced by several dozen residents in the Bedouin towns of Hura and Tel-Sheva reflects the adoption of a new lifestyle that has generated tension when practiced in the public sphere. Based on the qualitative methodology of in-depth interviews and walking participation events, this paper presents both the pioneering brisk-walker's experience and the tensions that have arisen between this activity and the cultural, behavioral and performance constraints that shape Bedouin current urbanity. Taking a space and place approach, the 'legitimate spaces' of brisk-walking are outlined vis-a-vis gender, tribal affiliation, inter-group relationships and the meanings of the preferred type of space for brisk-walking– within the town, in its outlying spaces or in the neighboring Jewish suburbs. In understanding leisure walking spaces as a field of socio-cultural and spatial negotiation within the context of mobile/immobile spaces, the manner in which this unique and complex mobility experience affects walker's sense of place is interpreted.

References

Andrews, M. & Gatersleben, B. (2010) Variations in perceptions of danger, fear and preference in a simulated natural environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 473-481.

Appleton, J. (1975) The Experience of Place. London: John Wiley and Sons.

Arbel, Y., Ben-Shahar, D., Gabriel, S., & Tobol, Y. (2010) The local cost of terror: Effects of the second Palestinian Intifada on Jerusalem house prices. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 40(6), 415-426.

Berger, Y. & Hasson, N. (2018) Minisiter Ariel in the funeral of the murdered in the terror attack: 'We ought to bequeath the Temple in the hearts of the People of Israel'. Haaretz Online, March 19. Available at: https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/1.5913883

Becker, G.S., & Rubinstein, Y. (2004) Fear and the response to terrorism: An economic analysis. University of Chicago, mimeo 93.

B’teslem (2018) Fatalities after Cast Lead. Available online at: https://www.btselem.org/hebrew/statistics/fatalities/after-cast-lead/by-date-of-event; Accessed on October 13, 2018. (In Hebrew)

Bjornstrom, E. E. S., & Ralston, M. L. (2014) Neighborhood, built environment, perceived danger, and perceived social cohesion. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), 718-744.

Blobaum, A., & Hunecke, M. (2005) Perceived danger in urban public space. Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 465-486

Boomsma, C., & Steg, L. (2014) Feeling safe in the dark: Examining the effect of entrapment, lighting levels, and gender on feelings of safety and lighting policy acceptability. Environment and Behavior, 46(2), 193-212. doi: 10.1177/0013916512453838

Boscarino, J. A., Figley, C. R., & Adams, R. E. (2003) Fear of terrorism in New York after the September 11 terrorist attacks: Implications for emergency mental health and preparedness. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 5(4), 199-209

Bouton, M. E. (2007) Learning and behavior: A contemporary synthesis. Sinauer Associates.

Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1993) Nodes, paths and edges - considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical-environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 3-28.

Brown, M. A. (1982) Modelling the spatial distribution of suburban crime. Economic geography, 247-261.

CBS Israel. (2009) Population census: Judea and Samaria region. Retrieved 20.07.2015, from
http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_h_700000.pdf

CBS Israel. (2015) Preliminary Findings from New Survey - Personal Security 2014 (in Hebrew(

CBS Israel. (2016) Statistical abstracts of Israel (Vol. 64). Jerusalem, Israel.

Dant, T. (2004) The driver-car. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4-5), 61-79

Eckstein, Z., & Tsiddon, D. (2004) Macroeconomic consequences of terror: Theory and the case of Israel. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(5), 971-1002.

Elliott, A., & Urry, J. (2010) Mobile lives. London: Routledge.

Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. New York: SUNY Press.

Fisher, B. S. & Nasar, J. L. (1992) Fear of crime in relation to 3 exterior site features prospect, refuge, and escape. Environment and Behavior, 24(1), 35-65.

Fisher, B. S. & Sloan, J. J. (2003) Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the "shadow of sexual assault hypothesis" supported? Justice Quarterly, 20(3), 633-659.

Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B., & Knuiman, M. (2014) Does Fear of Crime Discourage Walkers? A Social-Ecological Exploration of Fear as a Deterrent to Walking. Environment and Behavior, 46(6 698-717. (

General Security Service (2014) 2013 Annual Report. Available online at: https://www.shabak.gov.il/publications/Pages/study/2013.aspx
Accessed on October 13, 2018. In Hebrew)

Ghorashi, H. (2017) Negotiating belonging beyond rootedness: Unsettling the sedentary bias in the Dutch culturalist discourse. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(14), 2426-2443.

Gilroy, P. (2001) Driving While Black. In Miller, Daniel (ed.) Car Culture, Oxford: Berg. 81-104

Green, L. (1994) Fear as a Way of Life. Cultural Anthropology, 9(2), 227-256.

Hazam, S. & Felsenstein, D. (2007) Terror, fear and behaviour in the Jerusalem housing market. Urban Studies, 44(13), 2529-2546.

Herzog, T. R., & Chernick, K. K. (2000) Tranquility and danger in urban and natural settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20(1), 29-39.

Herzog, T. R., & Flynn-Smith, J. A. (2001) Preference and perceived danger as a function of the perceived curvature, length, and width of urban alleys. Environment and Behavior, 33(5), 653-666.

Herzog, T. R., & Miller, E. J. (1998) The role of mystery in perceived danger and environmental preference. Environment and Behavior, 30(4), 429-449.

Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Capelos, T., & Provost, C. (2002) The consequences of terrorism: Disentangling the effects of personal and national threat. Political Psychology, 23(3), 485-509.

Hunter, A. (1978) Symbols of incivility: Social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Criminological Society, Dallas.

Hunter, A., & Baumer, T. L. (1982) Street traffic, social integration, and fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 52(2), 122-131.

Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, (2015) Social Survey 2014. Jerusaelm, Israel.

Jorgensen, A., & Anthopoulou, A. (2007) Enjoyment and fear in urban woodlands–Does age make a difference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(4), 267-278.

Jorgensen, L. J., Ellis, G. D., & Ruddell, E. (2013). Fear perceptions in public parks: Interactions of environmental concealment, the presence of people recreating, and gender. Environment and Behavior, 45(7), 803-820.

Katz, J. (2001) How Emotions Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Keane, C. (1998) Evaluating the influence of fear of crime as an environmental mobility restrictor on women's routine activities. Environment and Behavior, 30(1), 60-74.

Kurtz, E. M., Koons, B. A., & Taylor, R. B. (1998) Land use, physical deterioration, resident-based control, and calls for service on urban streetblocks. Justice Quarterly, 15(1), 121-149.

LaGrange, R. L., Ferraro, K. F., & Supancic, M. (1992) Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(3), 311-334.

Laurier, E., Lorimer, H., Brown, B., Jones, O., Juhlin, O., Noble, A., and Strebel, I (2008). Driving and ‘passengering’: Notes on the ordinary organization of car travel. Mobilities, 3(1), 1-23.

Liska, A. E., Sanchirico, A., & Reed, M. D. (1988) Fear of crime and constrained behavior specifying and estimating a reciprocal effects model. Social Forces, 66(3), 827-837.

Malkki, L. (1992) National geographic: The rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees. Cultural Anthropology, 7(1), 24-44.

McCrea, R., Shyy, T. K., Western, J., & Stimson, R. J. (2005). Fear of crime in Brisbane - Individual, social and neighbourhood factors in perspective. Journal of Sociology, 41(1), 7-27.

Merriman, P. (2009) Automobility and the geographies of the car. Geography Compass, 3(2), 586-599.

Michael, M. (1998). Co(a)gency and the car: Attributing agency in the case of the ‘road rage. In B. Brenna, J. Law & I. Moser (Eds.), Machines, Agency and Desire, Oslo: TMV Skriftserie, 125-141.

Nasar, J. L., & Jones, K. M. (1997) Landscapes of fear and stress. Environment and Behavior, 29(3), 291-323.

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). (2013). Global Terrorism Database [Data file]. Retrieved 16.07.2015, 2015, from http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd

Nellis, A. M. (2009) Gender differences in fear of terrorism. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25 (3), 322-340.

Nellis, A. M., & Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748-768.

Persitz, D. (2007) The economic effects of terrorism: Counterfactual analysis of the case of Israel. Work. Pap., Dep. Econ., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv, Israel.

Rohe, W. M., & Burby, R. J. (1988) Fear of crime in public housing. Environment and Behavior, 20(6), 700-720.

Rubin, A. M., Haridakis, P. M., & Eyal, K. (2003) Viewer aggression and attraction to television talk shows. Media Psychology,, 5(4), 331-362 doi: 10.1207/s1532785xmep0504_02

Schweitzer, J. H., Kim, J. W. & Mackin, J. R. (1999) The impact of the built environment on crime and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Technology, 6(3), 59-73.

Shaffer, G. S., & Anderson, L. (1985) Perceptions of the security and attractiveness of urban parking lots. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 5(4), 311-323.

Sheller, M. (2004) Automotive emotions: Feeling the car. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4-5), 221-242.

Sheller, M.., & Urry, J. (2006) The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A, 38(2), 207-226.

Sjöberg, L. (2005) The perceived risk of terrorism. Risk Management, 7(1), 43-61.

Skogan, W. G., & Maxfield, M. G. (1981) Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions: Beverly Hills, CA:.Sage Publications.

Slone, M. (2000) Responses to media coverage of terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(4), 508-522.

Spilerman, S., & Stecklov, G. (2009) Societal responses to terrorist attacks. Annual Review of Sociology (Vol. 35, pp. 167-189.

Stanko, E. A. (1995) Women, crime, and fear. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 46-58.

Stecklov, G., & Goldstein, J. R (2004). Terror attacks influence driving behavior in Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(40), 14551-14556. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402483101

Taylor, R. B. (2001) Breaking Away from Broken Windows: Baltimore Neighborhoods and the Nationwide Fight Against Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Taylor, R. B., & Hale, M. (1986) Testing alternative models of fear of crime. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 77(1), 151-189. doi: 10.2307/1143593

Toet, A., & van Schaik, M. G. (2012) Effects of signals of disorder on fear of crime in real and virtual environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(3), 260-276.

Tölölyan, K. (2000) Restoring the logic of the sedentary to diaspora studies. Les diasporas, 137-148.

Urry, J. (2004) The ‘system’ of automobility. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4-5), 25-39.

Wang, K., & Taylor, R. B. (2006) Simulated walks through dangerous alleys: Impacts of features and progress on fear. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(4), 269-283.

Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization - why are women and the elderly more afraid. Social Science Quarterly, 65(3), 681-702.

Warr, M. (1992) Altruistic fear of victimization in households. Social Science Quarterly, 73(4):723-736

Wilcox, P., Ozer, M. M., Gunbeyi, M., & Gundogdu, T. (2009) Gender and fear of terrorism in Turkey. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25 (3), 341-357.

Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29-38.
**************************************************************************

pp. 113-137

6. Mobility along Socio-cultural Borders: Brisk-walking in Bedouin Towns
Arnon Ben- Israel
Kaye Academic College
arnonbe@bgu.ac.il

Avinoam Meir
Ben Gurion University of the Negev
ameir@bgu.ac.il

Substantial changes in contemporary Bedouin society are reflected in the rise of 'affluence morbidities' which suggest that there is an increasing need to engage in physical activity. Brisk-walking, recently practiced by several dozen residents in the Bedouin towns of Hura and Tel-Sheva reflects the adoption of a new lifestyle that has generated tension when practiced in the public sphere. Based on the qualitative methodology of in-depth interviews and walking participation events, this paper presents both the pioneering brisk-walker's experience and the tensions that have arisen between this activity and the cultural, behavioral and performance constraints that shape Bedouin current urbanity. Taking a space and place approach, the 'legitimate spaces' of brisk-walking are outlined vis-a-vis gender, tribal affiliation, inter-group relationships and the meanings of the preferred type of space for brisk-walking– within the town, in its outlying spaces or in the neighboring Jewish suburbs. In understanding leisure walking spaces as a field of socio-cultural and spatial negotiation within the context of mobile/immobile spaces, the manner in which this unique and complex mobility experience affects walker's sense of place is interpreted.

Key words: Bedouin, brisk-walking, socio-cultural borders, urbanity, constructing mobile third-place, borrowing space.

REFERENCES
Al-A'asam, M. (2010) Sport Coordinator in Tel-Sheva, PC (personal communication), Tel-Sheva, January.

Abbott, R.D., White, L.R., Ross, G.W., Masaki, K.H., Curb, J.D & Petrovitch, H. (2004) Walking and Dementia in Physically Capable Elderly Men. JAMA, 292 (12), 1447-1453.

Abu-Bader, S. & Gradus, Y. (2010) (Eds.) The Negev Bedouin Statistical Data Book. Beer-Sheva: The Robert Arnow Centre for Bedouin Studies and Development, The Negev Centre for regional Development.

Abu el-Qian, H. (2010) Sport Coordinator in Hura, PC (personal communication), Hura, July.

Abu-Rabia-Queder, S. (2007) Permission to rebel: Arab Bedouin women’s changing negotiation of social roles. Feminist Studies, 33 (1), 161-187.

Abu-Rabia, S. (2013) "We are strangers on our land": The geography of self and place identity among Bedouin-Arab of the Negev. In: Karplus, Y. & Meir, A. The Production of Bedouin Space in the Negev. Beer Sheva, The Negev Centre for Regional Development. (Hebrew)

Abu-Rabia, Y. (2010) Rahat clinic administrator, the first Bedouin doctor in the Negev, PC, (Personal Communication), Beer-Sheva, January.

Abu-Rabia-Queder, S. & Karplus, Y. (2013) Regendering space and reconstructing identity: Bedouin women’s translocal mobility into Israeli-Jewish institutions of higher education. Gender, Place and Culture - A Journal of Feminist Geography, 20, 4, 470-486.

Abu-Rabia, Y. & Weitzman, S. (2002) Diabetes among Bedouins in the Negev: The transition from a rare to a highly prevalent condition. IMAJ, The Israel Medical Association Journal, 4, 687-689.

Abu-Saad, I. & Lithwick, H. (2000) A way ahead, a development plan for the Bedouin towns in the Negev. Beer –Sheva: The center for Bedouin Studies and Development, The Negev center for regional development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. (Henrew)

Abu-Saad, K., Horowitz, T & Abu-Saad, I. (2007) Weaving Tradition and Modernity, Bedouin Women in Higher Education. Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. (Hebrew)

Abu-Saad, K., Weitzman, S., Abu-Rabiah, Y., Abu-Shareb, H., & Fraser, D. (2001) Rapid lifestyle, diet and health changes among urban Bedouin Arabs of southern Israel. Food, Nutrition and Agriculture, 28, 45-52.

Amato, J. (2004) On Foot: a History of Walking. New York: New York University Press.

Atkinson, R. (2003) Domestication by Cappuccino or a Revenge on Urban Space? Control and Empowerment in the Management of Public Spaces. Urban Studies, 40, (9), 1829–1843.

Avrahami, S. (2001) The In-depth Interview. Hevra Verevaha (Society and welfare) 21, 311-325. (Hebrew)

Basso, K. (1996) Wisdom Sites in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New-Mexico Press.

Ben-David, Y. (1994) Adaptation during crises: Socio-cultural aspects of the urbanization of the Negev Bedouin. In Grossman, D.& Meir, A. (Eds.), The Arab Settlement in Israel: Geographic Process. Jerusalem: Magness. (Hebrew)

-----. (2004) The Bedouin in Israel, a Socio-cultural dimension. Jerusalem: The Ben-Shemesh Institution for Land-use Research in Israel. (Hebrew)

Ben-Israel. A. (2009) The construction of the Bedouin Place: Landscape and Space of Urbanized Pastoral-Nomads, the Case of Hura-Atir Region. PhD Diss. The Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. (Hebrew)

Ben-Israel, A & Meir, A. (2010) Constructing road as a place, the case of the Bedouin of Hura-Yatir. Geography, Knowledge and Society, The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) Annual International Conference, Manchester, August.

Berrigan, D. and Troiano, R. P (2002) The association between urban form and physical activity in U.S. adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23 (2), 74-79.

Berry, R. S. K. (1999) Collecting data by in-Depth interviewing. www.129.11.5.57/educat/docoments/000001172.htm.

Biddle, S. J. H., & Mutrie, N. (2008) Psychology of Physical Activity: Determinants, Well-being and Interventions, 2nd edition, London and New-York: Routledge,

Birkeland, I. (2005). Making Place, Making Self, Travel, Subjectivity and Sexual difference. Hunts: Ashgate.

Bouman, Z. (1996) From Pilgrimage to Tourist – or a Short History of Identity. In Gymnasium, S.& Du Gay, Y (Eds.) Questions of Identity, London: Sage.

Brighenti, A.M. (2010) Visibility in Social Theory and Social Experience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Brownson, R. C., Housemann, R. A., Brown, D.R., Jackson-Thompson, J., King, A.C., Abby, C., Malon, B.R & Sallis, J. F (2000) Promoting physical activity in rural communities: Walking trail access, use, and effects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18 (3), 224-235.

CBS, Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (2017), Plate 2.15, Population according to district http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton68/st02_15x.pdf

Carabelli, G. (2014). Gdje si? Walking as a Reflexive Practice. In Brown, E. and Shortell, T (eds.) Walking the City: Quotidian Mobility and Ethnographic Methods, Aldershot: Ashgate, 191-206.

Casey, E, S. (1993) Getting back into place. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Central Bureau of Statitics CBS (2017) Annual Statistical Yearbook. Jerusalem (Hebrew)

Craig, C. L., Russell, S. J., Cameron, C., & Bauman, A. (2004) Twenty-year trends in physical activity among Canadian adults. Can J Public Health, 95 (1), 59-63.

Cresswell, T. (1996) In Place Out of Place: Geography, Ideology, and Transgression. Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press.

Cuba, L. & Hommon, D. M. (1993) A Place to call home: identification with dwelling, community and region. Sociological quarterly, 34, 111-134.

Daoud, N. (2007) Explanatory pathways to socioeconomic inequalities in health among the Arab population in Israel. PhD diss. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Degen, M. (2010) Consuming Urban Rhythms: Let's Ravalejar. In Edensor, T. (Ed.), Geographies of Rhythm, Nature, Place, Mobilities and Bodies. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Dobson, S. (2011) Sustaining Place through Community Walking Initiatives. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 1 (2), 109 - 121.

Edensor, T. (2000). Walking in the British countryside: Reflexivity embodied practices and ways to escape. Body & Society, 6, 81–106.

Ellis, E., Grimsley, M., Goyder, E., Blank, L. & Peters, J. (2007) Physical activity and health: Evidence from a study of deprived communities in England. J Public Health, 29 (1), 27-34.

Ezzati, M, Vander Hoorn, S., Lawes, C. M. M., Leach, R., & James, W. P. T. (2005) Rethinking the 'Diseases of Affluence' Paradigm: Global Patterns of Nutritional Risks in Relation to Economic Development. PLoS Med, 2(5): e133. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020133

Fenster, T. (1998) Gender and space—aspects of planning and developing the Negev Bedouin settlements. Studies in the Geography of Israel, 16: 229-254. (Hebrew)

-----. (1999) Space for gender: Cultural roles of the forbidden and the permitted. Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, 17, 227-246.

Fraser, D., Bilenko, N. & Vardi, H. (2008) Differences in food intake and disparity in obesity rates between adult Jews and Bedouins in southern Israel. Ethn Dis, 18, 13-18.

-----. Weitzman, S., Blondheim, S., Shany, S., & Abu-Rabiah, Y. (1990) The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Male Bedouins: A Population in Transition, European Journal of Epidemiology http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/Y0600M/y0600m06.htm

Fraser, N. (1990) Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy. Social Text, 25/26, 56-80.

Galal, O. (2003) Nutrition-related health patterns in the Middle East. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 12, (3), 337-43.

Garbia, A. (2004) Using on-line Chats by Bedouin Youth. MA Thesis, the Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. (Hebrew)

Göle, N. (2002) Islam in Public: New Visibilities and New Imaginaries. Public Culture, 14 (1), 173–190.

Gooch, P. (2008) Feet following Hooves. In Ingold, T.&, Vergunst, J. L (Eds.), Ways of Walking, Ethnography and Practice on Foot. Aldershot: Ashgate, 67-80.

Groen, J., Balough, M., Levy, M., Yaron, E. (1964) Nutrition of the Bedouins in the Negev Desert. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14, 37-46.

Hannam, K., Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (2006) Editorial: Mobilities, immobilities and moorings. Mobilities, 1(1), 1-22.

Heidegger, M. (1988) Being and time. Oxford: Blackwell.

Hetherington, K. (1998) Expressions of Identity: Space, Performance, Politics. London: Sage.

Hutabarat L. R. (2009) Walkability: what is it? Journal of Urbanism, 2 (2), 145-166.

Igud Hasport Haamami BeIsrael (The Association of Popular Sport in Israel) (2017) Continuation Survey of Physical Activity Sports in Israeli Society.
http://www.isfa.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2017.pdf (Hebrew)

Ingold, T. (2004) Culture on the Ground: The World Perceived Through the feet. Journal of Material Culture, 9, 315-340.

Janssen, P. T., Katzmarzyk1, W. F., Boyce1, C. Vereecken, C., Mulvihill, C., Roberts, C., Currie, W. & Pickett, L. (2005) Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obesity Reviews, 6 (2), 123–132.

Jarvis, R. (1997) Romantic writing and pedestrian travel. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Karrholm, M., Johansson, M. Lindelow, D. and Fereirra, I.A. (2017) Interseriality and different sorts of walking: Suggestions for a relational approach to urbanwalking, Mobilities, 12, 1, 20-35, DOI: 10.1080/17450101.2014.969596

Kedem-Friedrich, P. and Al-Atawneh, M. (2004) Does modernity lead to greater well-being? Bedouin women undergoing socio-cultural transition. Social Indicators Reseacrh, 67, 333-351.

Kisch, S. (2009) Reproductive encounters: Negev Bedouin women’s lay encounters at childbirth in an Israeli hospital. Anthropological Quarterly, 82, (3), 719–754.

Lee, J. and Ingold, T. (2006) Fieldwork on foot: Perceiving, routing, socialising. In Coleman, S. and P. Collins (eds), Locating the Field: Space, Place and Context in Anthropology. Oxford: Berg.

Legat, A. (2008) Walking stories; Leaving footprints. In Ingold, T. & Vergunst, J. L. (Eds.), Ways of Walking, Ethnography and Practice on Foot. Aldershot: Ashgate, 16-31.

MABAT. (2003) First Israeli National Health and Nutrition Survey 1999–2001. Publication No. 225. Jerusalem: Israel Center for Disease Control: Ministry of Health. (Hebrew)

Manzo, L, C. (2005) For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 67-86.

Marshall, S.J., Jones, D.A., Ainswort, B.E. Reis, J.P., Levi, S & Macera, C.A. (2007) Race/ethnicity, social class, and leisure-time physical inactivity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39 (1), 44-51.

Massey, D. B. (1994) Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Meir, A. (1996) Territoriality among the Negev Bedouin in transition from nomadism to sedentarism. In Febietti, U., & Salzman, P. C. (Eds.) The Anthropology of Tribal and Peasant Pastoral Societies. Pavia Collegio Ghislieri, Ibis, .

-----. (1997). As Nomadism Ends: The Israeli Bedouin of the Negev, Boulder CO: Westview Press, 187-207.

Meir, A. & Ben-David, Y. (1992). A Latent surplus: Changing value of sedentarizing and semi-urbanizing nomadic Bedouin children in Israel. Urban Anthropology, 21, 137-152.

Meir, A. & Marx, E. (2005) Land, towns and planning: The Negev Bedouin and the State of Israel. Geography Research Forum, 25, 43-62.

Moore , J. B., Jilcott S. B., Kindal, A. S., Evenson, K. R., Brownson, R. C, & Novick, L. F, (2010) A qualitative examination of perceived barriers and facilitators of physical activity for urban and rural youth. Health Educ. Res. 25 (2), 355-367.

Murphy, M., Nevill, A., Neville, C., Biddle, S. & Hardman, A. (2002) Accumulating brisk walking for fitness, cardiovascular risk, and psychological health. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 34, (9), 1468-1474.

Novotny T. E. (2005) Why we need to rethink the diseases of affluence. PLoS Med, 2, (5), e104. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020104.

Oldenburg, R. (1999) The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. Boston: Da Capo Press.

Owen, N., Humpel, N., Leslie, E. Bauman, A & Sallis, J. F, (2004) Understanding environmental influences on walking, review and research agenda. Am J Prev Med, 27 (1), 67–76.

Parks, S. E., Housemann, R. A., & Brownson, R. C. (2003) Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 29–35.

Patton, M. Q. (1987) How to use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. London: Sage.

Paz, U. & Almog, O. (2009) Sport and Physical Activity among the Ultra-Orthodox in Israel. People in Israel, a guide for the Israeli Society, Online Journal, (Hebrew)
http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7559

Pink, S. (2008) Mobilising visual ethnography: Making routes, making place and making images. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9, (3), Art. 36, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0803362.

Popenoe, R. (2004) Feeding Desire, Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People. London and New-York: Routledge.

Ramsden, H. (2017) Walking and talking: Making strange encounters within the familiar. Social & Cultural Geography, 18, 53-77.

Rapoport, A. (1983) Environment quality, Metropolin areas and traditional settlements. Habotat International, 7, 37-63.

Reichert, F., Barros, A. J. D. Domingues, M. R & Gymnasiumal, P. C. (2007) tThe role of perceived personal barriers to engagement in leisure-time physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 97, (3), 515-519.

Rodaway, P. (1994) Sensuos Geographies: Body, Sense and Place. London and New-York: Routledge.

Sallis, J. F., Zakarian, J. M., Hovell, M. F & Hofstetter, C. R, (1999) Ethnic, socioeconomic, and sex differences in physical activity among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49 (2), 125-134.

Sheller, M. (2014) The new mobilities paradigm for a live sociology. Current Sociology, 62 (6), 789-781.

Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (2006). The new Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning, 38, 207 -226.

Svirsky, S. & Hasson, Y. (2005) Transparent Citizens. Tel-Aviv: Adva Centre. (Hebrew)

Tal, S. (1995) The Bedouin Women in the epoch of changes. Beer Sheva, Jo Alon Centre (Hebrew).

Tuck-Po, L. (2008) Before a step too far: Walking with Batek Hunter-Gatgherers in the Forests of Pahang, Malesia. In Ingold, T. & Vergunst, J. L. (Eds.), Ways of Walking, Ethnography and Practice on Foot. Aldershot: Ashgate, 21-34.

Tully, M. A., Cupples, M. E., & Chan, W. S. (2005) Brisk walking, fitness, and cardiovascular risk: Arandomized controlled trial in primary care. Prev Med, 628, 1622–1628.

Waitt, G., Gill. N & Head, L. (2009) Walking practice and suburban nature-talk. Social & Cultural Geography, 10 (1), 41-60.

Wallace, A. (1993) Walking, Literature and English Culture. Oxford: Clarendon.

Wardle, J. & Steptoe, A. (2003) Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 440-443.

Wylie, J. (2005) A single day’s walking: Narrating self and landscape on the South West coast path. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 30, 234–247.

Yuval-Davis, N. (1997) Gender and Nation. London: Sage.

Zukin, S. (1995) The Cultures of Cities. Oxford: Blackwell.
Published
2019-02-16