Crucial Yet Disavowed: Thai Migrant Farmworkers and Israel’s Migration Regime
Keywords:
Farmworkers, migrant workers, agriculture, Israel, Thailand, migration policy, employment relations
Abstract
Israeli farmers have employed Thai migrants since the 1980s. In this paper, we describe the gradual emergence of an institutionalized and regulated migration regime, characterized by shifting responsibility for the recruitment, placement and discipline of migrants. We argue that these policy shifts, along with the growing number and prolonged presence of Thai workers in Israel, have shaped employment relationships. We describe how these migrants have been denied equal rights and political representation in rural communities and in Israeli society at large. We argue that despite the migrants’ tremendous impact on the social fabric of the Israeli countryside, they are still perceived and treated as a temporary, dispensable and cheap labor force. Our arguments are based on sociological and ethnographic research conducted separately by each of the authors.
References
Aberman, Yael (2011) Hundreds of Thai Workers Strike in Moshav Ahituv. Kav LaOved, press release [Hebrew].
Aguilar Jr, F.V. (1999) Ritual Passage and the Reconstruction of Selfhood in International Labour Migration. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 14(1), 98-139.
Ash Kurlander, Y. (2014) Agricultural Labor Migration to Israel in Light of the Bilateral Agreement between Thailand and Israel: Final report. JDC: Jerusalem [Hebrew].
Aulino, F. (2014) Perceiving the Social Body. Journal of Religious Ethics, 42(3), 415–441.
Bartram, D. V. (1998). Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory. International Migration Review, 32 (2), 303-325.
Bartram, D. V. (2011) Migration, Ethno-nationalist Destinations, and Social Divisions: Non-Jewish Immigrants in Israel. Ethnopolitics, 10 (2), 235-252.
Ben Zvi, A. (2018) The Integration of Veterans and Newcomers in the Moshav Movement from the Late 1950s to the Late 1960s. MA thesis, University of Haifa.
Bitton, Y. and Katz-Kricheli, T. (2022) Disparities on the Basis of Nationality, Ethnicity, and Gender in Road Accident Compensation in Israel. Journal of Law and Courts, 1-17.
Bondy, A., (2022) Organized Labor. In Shamir H. and Niezna M. (eds.) An Alternative Anti-Trafficking Action Plan: A Proposed Model Based on a Labor Approach to Trafficking, TraffLab Research Group Policy Paper, Tel Aviv University, 106-112.
Central Arava Regional Council (1993) We invite you to celebrate the birthday of the king of Thailand. Archive of Moshav Ein Yahav [Hebrew].
Central Arava Regional Council (2015) You have to see what’s happening in the Arava. Facebook. tinyurl.com/Arava-film [Hebrew].
Cohen, A. (1999) Thai Workers in Israeli Agriculture. In Nathanson, R., and Achdut, L. (eds.), The New Worker: Wage Earners from Foreign Countries in Israel, 155–204. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House [Hebrew].
Cohen, A. and Kurlander, Y. (2023) The Agricultural Sector as a Site of Trafficking in Persons. Law, Society & Culture. Vol 6., 239-264 [Hebrew]
Farsakh, L. (2005) Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation. Abingdon; New York: Routledge.
Gullette, G. S. (2014) Rural-Urban Hierarchies, Status Boundaries, and Labour Mobilities in Thailand. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (8), 1254–1274.
Herzfeld, M. (2016) Siege of the Spirits: Community and Polity in Bangkok. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Huguet, J. W. and Sureeporn, P. (2005). International Migration in Thailand 2009. Bangkok: IOM.
Kalir, B. (2014) The Jewish State of Anxiety. Between Moral Obligation and Fearism in the Treatment of African Asylum Seekers in Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (4), 580–598.
Kaminer, M. (2016) A Lonely Songkran in the Arava. Middle East Report 279: 34–37.
Kaminer, M. (2019a) By the Sweat of Other Brows: Thai Migrant Labor and the Transformation of Israeli Settler Agriculture. PhD dissertation, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Kaminer, M. (2019b) At the Zero Degree/Below the Minimum: Wage as Sign in Israel’s Split Labor Market. Dialectical Anthropology 43, 3: 317–332.
Kaminer, M. (2020) Giving them the slip: Israeli employers’ strategic falsification of pay slips to disguise the violation of Thai farmworkers’ right to the minimum wage”. Journal of Legal Anthropology 3(2), 124-127.
Kaminer, M. (2022a) Saving the face of the Arava: Thai migrant workers and the asymmetries of community in an Israeli agricultural settlement. American Ethnologist, 49(1), 118-131.
Kaminer, M. (2022b) The Agricultural Settlement of the Arava and the Political Ecology of Zionism. International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, 1, 40–56.
Kaminer, M. (Forthcoming) Capitalist Colonial: Thai Migrant Workers in Israeli Agriculture. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Kemp, A., and Raijman, R. (2008) Workers and Foreigners: The Political Economy of Labor Migration in Israel. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Keyes, C. F. (2014) Finding their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State. Chiang Mai Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Krasner, S. D. (1982) Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. International Organization, 36 (2), 185–205.
Kricheli-Katz, T., Rosen-Zvi, I. and Ziv, N. (2018) Hierarchy and stratification in the Israeli legal profession. Law & Society Review, 52, 436-470.
Kurlander, Y. (2019) The Marketization of Migration: On the Emergence, Flourishment and Change of the Recruitment Industry for Agricultural Migrant Workers from Thailand to Israel. PhD dissertation, University of Haifa [Hebrew].
Kurlander, Y. (2022a) On the Establishment of the Agricultural Migration Industry in Israel's Countryside”. Geography Research Forum, 41, 19-34.
Kurlander, Y. (2022b) Private Companies and Manpower Corporations. In Shamir, H. and Niezna, M. (eds.) An Alternative Anti-Trafficking Action Plan: A Proposed Model Based on a Labor Approach to Trafficking, TraffLab Research Group Policy Paper, Tel Aviv University.
Kurlander, Y. and Cohen, A. (2022) BLAs as Sites for the Meso-Level Dynamics of Institutionalization: A Cross-Sectoral Comparison. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 23(2), 246-265.
Kurlander, Y. and Kaminer, M. (2020) Permanent Workers in the Backyard: Employing Migrant Farmworkers from Thailand in the Israeli Countryside. Horizons in Geography 98, 131-148 [Hebrew].
Kurlander, Y., Niezna, M. and Shamir, H. (2021) Covid-19’s Impact on Non-Israeli Workers: Vulnerability, Commodification and Hope. Israeli Sociology Vol. 21 No. 2 [Hebrew].
Kurlander, Y., Tadjer, M., and Gutzeit, Z. (2022) Privatization, Exclusion and Lawlessness: Agriculture Migrant Worker's Health in Israel". Law and Government, 27, 1-30. [Hebrew]
Kurlander, Y. and Zimmerman, I. (2022) ‘Suitable Accommodation’ for Agricultural and Caregiver Migrants Before and After Covid-19. Hagira, 12, 1-20, [Hebrew]
Kushnirovich, N., and Raijman, R. (2017) The impact of bilateral agreements on labor migration to Israel: A comparison of migrant workers who arrived before and after the implementation of bilateral agreements. Center for International Migration and Integration (CIMI), Ruppin Academic Center.
Lewin-Epstein, N., and Semyonov, M. (1987) Non-citizen Arabs in the Israeli labor market: Entry and permeation. Megamot Vol. 30 (4), 402-416 [Hebrew].
Livnat, Y. & Shamir, H. (2022) Gaining Control? Bilateral Labor Agreements and the Shared Interest of Sending and Receiving Countries to Control Migrant Workers and the Illicit Migration Industry". Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 23 (2), 65-94.
McGeehan, N. (2015) A Raw Deal: Abuse of Thai Workers in Israel's Agricultural Sector. New York: Human Rights Watch. 112.
Mundlak, G. (2003) Neither Insiders nor Outsiders: The Contractual Construction of Migrant Workers’ Rights and the Democratic Deficit. Iyunei Mishpat, Tel Aviv University Law Review, 27, 423-487. [Hebrew].
Mundlak, G. and Shamir, H. (2014) Organizing migrant care workers in Israel: Industrial citizenship and the trade union option. International Labour Review 153 (1), 93–116.
Musikawong S. and Rzonca, P. (2023) Debt Bondage in human trafficking: US agriculture and Thailand fishing primed for labor exploitation. Archives of Criminology, XLIII/1, 169-193.
Niezna, M. (2022) Paper chains: Tied visas, migration policies and legal coercion.
Journal of Law and Society, 49(2), 362-384.
Niezna, M., Kurlander, Y. and Shamir, H. (2021) Underlying conditions: The Increased Vulnerability of Migrant Workers Under COVID-19 in Israel. Journal of Modern Slavery: A Multidisciplinary Exploration of Human Trafficking Solutions, 6(2), 133.
PIBA (Population and Immigration Authority) (2023) The list of allocations for the employment of foreign workers in the agriculture sector for 2023. Jerusalem. [Hebrew].
Raijman, R. (2009) Immigration in Israel: A Map of Trends and Empirical Research: 1990-2007. Israeli Sociology, 10 (2): 339-379.
Raijman, R. and Kemp, A. (2007) Labor Migration, Managing the Ethno-national Conflict, and Client Politics in Israel. In Willen, S. (ed.) Transnational Migration to Israel in Global Comparative Context. Lexington Books, 31-50.
Raijman, R. and Kemp, A. (2015) Recruitment of migrant workers in agriculture and construction in Israel: The impact of bilateral agreements. Center for International Migration and Integration (CIMI), Ruppin Academic Center.
Rainwater, K. and Williams, L. B. (2019) Thai Guestworker Export in Decline: The Rise and Fall of the Thailand-Taiwan Migration System. International Migration Review 53 (2), 371–395.
Reef A, G. (2017) Family Farm changes due to Thai migrants. Seminar paper. Tel Hai Academic College
Rigg, J., Salamanca, A. and Parnwell, M. (2012) Joining the Dots of Agrarian Change in Asia: A 25-Year View from Thailand. World Development 40 (7): 1469–1481.
Rosenhek, Z. (1999) Labor Migrants in the Israeli Welfare State: Exclusionary and Inclusionary Trends. Bitachon Soziali, 56: 97-112 [Hebrew].
Sassen, S. (1999) Guests and Aliens. New York: New Press.
Scott. J. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Yale University Press.
Shalev, M. (1992) Labour and the Political Economy in Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shamir, H. and Mundlak, G. (2013) Spheres of migration: Political, economic and universal imperatives in Israel’s migration regime. Middle East Law and Governance, 5(1-2), 112-172.
Shafir, G. (1989) Land, labor and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914. Univ of California Press.
Shafir, G., and Peled Y. (2002) Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge University Press.
Shoham, S. (2017) Pickers and Packers: Translocal Narratives of Returning Thai Agriculture Labour Migrants from Israel”. MA thesis, Berlin: Humboldt-Universität.
Shoham, S. (forthcoming) The Heroes from Isaan Working in Israel: The Production of Migrants in the Thailand-Israel Migration Regime”. PhD Dissertation, Berlin, Humboldt-University.
Shoham, S. and Ben-Israel, H. (2022) Family and Community. In Shamir, H. and Niezna, M. (eds.) An Alternative Anti-Trafficking Action Plan: A Proposed Model Based on a Labor Approach to Trafficking, TraffLab Research Group Policy Paper, Tel Aviv University.
Shoham, S. and Kurlander, Y. (2021) Sexual Violence Against Migrant Workers in the Agriculture Sector in Israel”. Policy Paper submitted to the Knesset Special Committee on Foreign Workers. [Hebrew].
Shvarzberg, Z. (2023) Landscapes in Migration: The Gardens of Thai Agricultural Migrants in Central Israel. MA thesis, Technion.
Silvey, R. and Parreñas, R. (2019. Precarity chains: Cycles of domestic worker migration from Southeast Asia to the Middle East. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46, 16, 3457-3471.
Sitbon, O. (2006) The Role of the Courts in Israel and in France in Shaping Policy toward Labor Migrants. Law and Government: Citizenship, Migration and Naturalization in Israel 1 (1). 273-346 [Hebrew].
Statham, P., Scuzzarello, S., Sirijit S. and Trupp, A. (2020) Globalising Thailand through gendered ‘both-ways’ migration pathways with ‘the West’: Cross-border connections between people, states, and places. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (8), 1513–1542.
Strom, M. (2004) The Thai Revolution: The Development of Agriculture in the Arava in the 1990s. MA thesis. Rehovot: Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture.
Aguilar Jr, F.V. (1999) Ritual Passage and the Reconstruction of Selfhood in International Labour Migration. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 14(1), 98-139.
Ash Kurlander, Y. (2014) Agricultural Labor Migration to Israel in Light of the Bilateral Agreement between Thailand and Israel: Final report. JDC: Jerusalem [Hebrew].
Aulino, F. (2014) Perceiving the Social Body. Journal of Religious Ethics, 42(3), 415–441.
Bartram, D. V. (1998). Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory. International Migration Review, 32 (2), 303-325.
Bartram, D. V. (2011) Migration, Ethno-nationalist Destinations, and Social Divisions: Non-Jewish Immigrants in Israel. Ethnopolitics, 10 (2), 235-252.
Ben Zvi, A. (2018) The Integration of Veterans and Newcomers in the Moshav Movement from the Late 1950s to the Late 1960s. MA thesis, University of Haifa.
Bitton, Y. and Katz-Kricheli, T. (2022) Disparities on the Basis of Nationality, Ethnicity, and Gender in Road Accident Compensation in Israel. Journal of Law and Courts, 1-17.
Bondy, A., (2022) Organized Labor. In Shamir H. and Niezna M. (eds.) An Alternative Anti-Trafficking Action Plan: A Proposed Model Based on a Labor Approach to Trafficking, TraffLab Research Group Policy Paper, Tel Aviv University, 106-112.
Central Arava Regional Council (1993) We invite you to celebrate the birthday of the king of Thailand. Archive of Moshav Ein Yahav [Hebrew].
Central Arava Regional Council (2015) You have to see what’s happening in the Arava. Facebook. tinyurl.com/Arava-film [Hebrew].
Cohen, A. (1999) Thai Workers in Israeli Agriculture. In Nathanson, R., and Achdut, L. (eds.), The New Worker: Wage Earners from Foreign Countries in Israel, 155–204. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House [Hebrew].
Cohen, A. and Kurlander, Y. (2023) The Agricultural Sector as a Site of Trafficking in Persons. Law, Society & Culture. Vol 6., 239-264 [Hebrew]
Farsakh, L. (2005) Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation. Abingdon; New York: Routledge.
Gullette, G. S. (2014) Rural-Urban Hierarchies, Status Boundaries, and Labour Mobilities in Thailand. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (8), 1254–1274.
Herzfeld, M. (2016) Siege of the Spirits: Community and Polity in Bangkok. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Huguet, J. W. and Sureeporn, P. (2005). International Migration in Thailand 2009. Bangkok: IOM.
Kalir, B. (2014) The Jewish State of Anxiety. Between Moral Obligation and Fearism in the Treatment of African Asylum Seekers in Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (4), 580–598.
Kaminer, M. (2016) A Lonely Songkran in the Arava. Middle East Report 279: 34–37.
Kaminer, M. (2019a) By the Sweat of Other Brows: Thai Migrant Labor and the Transformation of Israeli Settler Agriculture. PhD dissertation, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Kaminer, M. (2019b) At the Zero Degree/Below the Minimum: Wage as Sign in Israel’s Split Labor Market. Dialectical Anthropology 43, 3: 317–332.
Kaminer, M. (2020) Giving them the slip: Israeli employers’ strategic falsification of pay slips to disguise the violation of Thai farmworkers’ right to the minimum wage”. Journal of Legal Anthropology 3(2), 124-127.
Kaminer, M. (2022a) Saving the face of the Arava: Thai migrant workers and the asymmetries of community in an Israeli agricultural settlement. American Ethnologist, 49(1), 118-131.
Kaminer, M. (2022b) The Agricultural Settlement of the Arava and the Political Ecology of Zionism. International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, 1, 40–56.
Kaminer, M. (Forthcoming) Capitalist Colonial: Thai Migrant Workers in Israeli Agriculture. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Kemp, A., and Raijman, R. (2008) Workers and Foreigners: The Political Economy of Labor Migration in Israel. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
Keyes, C. F. (2014) Finding their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State. Chiang Mai Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Krasner, S. D. (1982) Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. International Organization, 36 (2), 185–205.
Kricheli-Katz, T., Rosen-Zvi, I. and Ziv, N. (2018) Hierarchy and stratification in the Israeli legal profession. Law & Society Review, 52, 436-470.
Kurlander, Y. (2019) The Marketization of Migration: On the Emergence, Flourishment and Change of the Recruitment Industry for Agricultural Migrant Workers from Thailand to Israel. PhD dissertation, University of Haifa [Hebrew].
Kurlander, Y. (2022a) On the Establishment of the Agricultural Migration Industry in Israel's Countryside”. Geography Research Forum, 41, 19-34.
Kurlander, Y. (2022b) Private Companies and Manpower Corporations. In Shamir, H. and Niezna, M. (eds.) An Alternative Anti-Trafficking Action Plan: A Proposed Model Based on a Labor Approach to Trafficking, TraffLab Research Group Policy Paper, Tel Aviv University.
Kurlander, Y. and Cohen, A. (2022) BLAs as Sites for the Meso-Level Dynamics of Institutionalization: A Cross-Sectoral Comparison. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 23(2), 246-265.
Kurlander, Y. and Kaminer, M. (2020) Permanent Workers in the Backyard: Employing Migrant Farmworkers from Thailand in the Israeli Countryside. Horizons in Geography 98, 131-148 [Hebrew].
Kurlander, Y., Niezna, M. and Shamir, H. (2021) Covid-19’s Impact on Non-Israeli Workers: Vulnerability, Commodification and Hope. Israeli Sociology Vol. 21 No. 2 [Hebrew].
Kurlander, Y., Tadjer, M., and Gutzeit, Z. (2022) Privatization, Exclusion and Lawlessness: Agriculture Migrant Worker's Health in Israel". Law and Government, 27, 1-30. [Hebrew]
Kurlander, Y. and Zimmerman, I. (2022) ‘Suitable Accommodation’ for Agricultural and Caregiver Migrants Before and After Covid-19. Hagira, 12, 1-20, [Hebrew]
Kushnirovich, N., and Raijman, R. (2017) The impact of bilateral agreements on labor migration to Israel: A comparison of migrant workers who arrived before and after the implementation of bilateral agreements. Center for International Migration and Integration (CIMI), Ruppin Academic Center.
Lewin-Epstein, N., and Semyonov, M. (1987) Non-citizen Arabs in the Israeli labor market: Entry and permeation. Megamot Vol. 30 (4), 402-416 [Hebrew].
Livnat, Y. & Shamir, H. (2022) Gaining Control? Bilateral Labor Agreements and the Shared Interest of Sending and Receiving Countries to Control Migrant Workers and the Illicit Migration Industry". Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 23 (2), 65-94.
McGeehan, N. (2015) A Raw Deal: Abuse of Thai Workers in Israel's Agricultural Sector. New York: Human Rights Watch. 112.
Mundlak, G. (2003) Neither Insiders nor Outsiders: The Contractual Construction of Migrant Workers’ Rights and the Democratic Deficit. Iyunei Mishpat, Tel Aviv University Law Review, 27, 423-487. [Hebrew].
Mundlak, G. and Shamir, H. (2014) Organizing migrant care workers in Israel: Industrial citizenship and the trade union option. International Labour Review 153 (1), 93–116.
Musikawong S. and Rzonca, P. (2023) Debt Bondage in human trafficking: US agriculture and Thailand fishing primed for labor exploitation. Archives of Criminology, XLIII/1, 169-193.
Niezna, M. (2022) Paper chains: Tied visas, migration policies and legal coercion.
Journal of Law and Society, 49(2), 362-384.
Niezna, M., Kurlander, Y. and Shamir, H. (2021) Underlying conditions: The Increased Vulnerability of Migrant Workers Under COVID-19 in Israel. Journal of Modern Slavery: A Multidisciplinary Exploration of Human Trafficking Solutions, 6(2), 133.
PIBA (Population and Immigration Authority) (2023) The list of allocations for the employment of foreign workers in the agriculture sector for 2023. Jerusalem. [Hebrew].
Raijman, R. (2009) Immigration in Israel: A Map of Trends and Empirical Research: 1990-2007. Israeli Sociology, 10 (2): 339-379.
Raijman, R. and Kemp, A. (2007) Labor Migration, Managing the Ethno-national Conflict, and Client Politics in Israel. In Willen, S. (ed.) Transnational Migration to Israel in Global Comparative Context. Lexington Books, 31-50.
Raijman, R. and Kemp, A. (2015) Recruitment of migrant workers in agriculture and construction in Israel: The impact of bilateral agreements. Center for International Migration and Integration (CIMI), Ruppin Academic Center.
Rainwater, K. and Williams, L. B. (2019) Thai Guestworker Export in Decline: The Rise and Fall of the Thailand-Taiwan Migration System. International Migration Review 53 (2), 371–395.
Reef A, G. (2017) Family Farm changes due to Thai migrants. Seminar paper. Tel Hai Academic College
Rigg, J., Salamanca, A. and Parnwell, M. (2012) Joining the Dots of Agrarian Change in Asia: A 25-Year View from Thailand. World Development 40 (7): 1469–1481.
Rosenhek, Z. (1999) Labor Migrants in the Israeli Welfare State: Exclusionary and Inclusionary Trends. Bitachon Soziali, 56: 97-112 [Hebrew].
Sassen, S. (1999) Guests and Aliens. New York: New Press.
Scott. J. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Yale University Press.
Shalev, M. (1992) Labour and the Political Economy in Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shamir, H. and Mundlak, G. (2013) Spheres of migration: Political, economic and universal imperatives in Israel’s migration regime. Middle East Law and Governance, 5(1-2), 112-172.
Shafir, G. (1989) Land, labor and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914. Univ of California Press.
Shafir, G., and Peled Y. (2002) Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge University Press.
Shoham, S. (2017) Pickers and Packers: Translocal Narratives of Returning Thai Agriculture Labour Migrants from Israel”. MA thesis, Berlin: Humboldt-Universität.
Shoham, S. (forthcoming) The Heroes from Isaan Working in Israel: The Production of Migrants in the Thailand-Israel Migration Regime”. PhD Dissertation, Berlin, Humboldt-University.
Shoham, S. and Ben-Israel, H. (2022) Family and Community. In Shamir, H. and Niezna, M. (eds.) An Alternative Anti-Trafficking Action Plan: A Proposed Model Based on a Labor Approach to Trafficking, TraffLab Research Group Policy Paper, Tel Aviv University.
Shoham, S. and Kurlander, Y. (2021) Sexual Violence Against Migrant Workers in the Agriculture Sector in Israel”. Policy Paper submitted to the Knesset Special Committee on Foreign Workers. [Hebrew].
Shvarzberg, Z. (2023) Landscapes in Migration: The Gardens of Thai Agricultural Migrants in Central Israel. MA thesis, Technion.
Silvey, R. and Parreñas, R. (2019. Precarity chains: Cycles of domestic worker migration from Southeast Asia to the Middle East. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46, 16, 3457-3471.
Sitbon, O. (2006) The Role of the Courts in Israel and in France in Shaping Policy toward Labor Migrants. Law and Government: Citizenship, Migration and Naturalization in Israel 1 (1). 273-346 [Hebrew].
Statham, P., Scuzzarello, S., Sirijit S. and Trupp, A. (2020) Globalising Thailand through gendered ‘both-ways’ migration pathways with ‘the West’: Cross-border connections between people, states, and places. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (8), 1513–1542.
Strom, M. (2004) The Thai Revolution: The Development of Agriculture in the Arava in the 1990s. MA thesis. Rehovot: Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture.
Published
2024-04-01
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The contributor(s) (authors) warrant that the entire work is original and unpublished; it is submitted only to this Journal and all text, data, figures/tables or other illustrations included in this work are completely original and unpublished, and these have not been previously published or submitted elsewhere in any form or media whatsoever.
- The contributor(s) warrant that the work contains no unlawful or libelous statements and opinions and liable materials of any kind whatsoever, does not infringe on any copyrights, intellectual property rights, personal rights or rights of any kind of others, nor contains any plagiarized, fraudulent, improperly attributed materials, instructions, procedures, information or ideas that might cause any harm, damage, injury, losses or costs of any kind to person or property.
- The contributor(s) retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- The contributor(s) are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- Geography Research Forum may disseminate the content of the publications and publications’ Meta data in text, image, or other print and electronic formats to providers of research databases (e.g. EBSCO, GeoBase, JSTOR) to facilitate publications' exposure.
