A Regional City—From Division to Cohesion: Feasibility in Arad and the Western Negev
Keywords:
peripheralization, regional city, fair shared region, functioning region, regionalism
Abstract
This article assumes that the peripheralization of the Negev region of southern Israel over many decades is the product of a policy of extreme centralization imposed by central government, leading to the neglect of the region and the exclusion of some of its communities. This reality has created profound and worsening gaps—not only between the Negev and the center of Israel, but also within the region. We argue that to change this reality and move toward a more just and egalitarian region, Israel must radically change its perceptions regarding the municipal structure of regions, especially in its peripheries. The combination of neo-liberalism with ethnic nationalism, and governmental centralization are part of the explanation for peripheralization. After presenting the theoretical framework on peripheralization and regionalism, as well as the possibilities for narrowing gaps through administrative and governmental change, we present the research method as qualitative, based on primary and secondary sources (which include numerical data), an analysis of interviews with officials in the Negev, media reports, and the deliverables of workshops. These sources inform an examination of the processes and governmental attitudes with a view to possible change. Hence, we briefly describe the background to the processes and causes of inequality in the Negev; a research critique of the lack of regionalism in Israel; and an analysis of steps toward decentralization adopted in recent years. This is followed by a presentation and discussion of the regional city model as an administrative and governmental structure for narrowing social gaps. The city of Arad and the Western Negev region serve as a test case, as their spatial condition is suitable for the proposed structural change. The article concludes with a summary and discussion of the need for further practical studies to validate the proposed model.
References
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Jonas, A. (2012) Region and place: Regionalism in question. Progress in Human Geography, 36(2), 263–272.
Kühn, M. (2015) Peripheralization: Theoretical concepts explaining socio-spatial inequalities. European Planning Studies, 23(2): 367–378.
Lehrer, M. (2019) Review: Regional Clusters in Israel. Knesset (Israeli Parliament)– Research and Information Center. (In Hebrew)
Leick, B., and Lang, T. (2018) Re-thinking non-core regions: Planning strategies and practices beyond growth. European Planning Studies, 26(2): 213–228.
Levi, A., Wolfson, T., Popper, S., Efron, S., Whitaker, A., and Li, J. (2020). Local Government Reform and the Socioeconomic Gap in Israel – Building Toward a New Future. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Lipsitz, G. (2007) The Racialization of space and the spatialization of race: Theorizing the hidden architecture of landscape. Landscape Journal, 26(1): 10–23.
Meir, A., Tzfadia, E., and Roded, B. (2023) Temporal dynamics of contested local government among the Bedouin in Israel. Territory, Politics, Governance, 11, 776-793. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1860809.
Muraoka, T., and Avellaneda, C.N. (2021) Do the networks of intermunicipal cooperation enhance local government performance? Local Government Studies, 47, 616-636. DOI:o10.1080/03003930.2020.1869545
Nagar-Ron, S. (2021) Between the ‘Periphery’ and the Peripherality Index: The contribution of concepts and indexes to understanding and shaping reality. Teoriyah u-Vikoret 45: 135–147. (In Hebrew)
Paasi, A. (2003) Region and place: Regional identity in question. Progress in Human Geography, 27: 475–485.
Paasi, A. (2009) The resurgence of the ‘region’ and ‘regional identity’: Theoretical perspectives and empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe. Review of International Studies, 35(S1): 121-146.
Paasi, A., and Metzger, J. (2017) Foregrounding the region. Regional Studies, 51(1): 19–30.
Putnam, R. (1995) Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1): 64-78.
Razin, E. (2012) Is there a place for villages and regional councils in 21st-century Israel? Ofakim be-Geografiya, 81–82: 230–245. (In Hebrew)
Razin, E., and Hazan, A. (2006) Distribution of Municipal Wealth in Israel: Narrowing Gaps in the Income of Local Authorities. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. (In Hebrew)
Team to Promote Regionality in Israel (2020) Reform to Promote Regionality and Decentralization from Central Government to Local Government. Submitted to Interior Minister Aryeh Deri. (In Hebrew)
Reingewertz, Y. (2013) Unification of Local Authorities in Israel: Proposal and Lessons for the Future. Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel, Position Paper 2013.02. (In Hebrew)
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1991) Introduction. Public Administration, 69(1): 1–2.
Roded, B. (2010) Arad between Kasif and Barir—Governance of Neglectful Control. In: E. Tzfadia and H. Katz (eds.), A Neglectful State—A supervisory State / The Other Place of the State, 143–163. Tel Aviv: Resling. (In Hebrew)
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Townsend, A. (2019) Combined authorities for more sub-regions? Learning the adverse lessons from England beyond the metropolitan conurbations. Local Economy, 34(2): 123–138.
Tzfadia, E. (2006) Municipal boundaries and correcting material and conceptual injustices: Proposal for reform in the structure of local government in Israel. Local Government Conference 2 (168–173). Tel Aviv: School of Governance and Policy, Tel Aviv University. (In Hebrew)
Wollmann, H. (2004) Local Government Reforms in Great Britain, Sweden, Germany and France: Between multi-function and single-purpose organizations. Local Government Studies, 30(4): 639–665.
Yiftachel, O. (2001) Centralized power and divided space: ‘Fractured regions’ in the Israeli ‘ethnocracy’. GeoJournal, 53: 283–293.
Zanbar Commission, Report on the Unification of Authorities, 1981. Retrieved from: http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%20% D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2/newzanbar6.pdf. (In Hebrew)
Zohar, H. (2020) Decision Making in Boundary Disputes between Locales. Dissertation toward a master’s degree in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. (In Hebrew)
Allen, J., Massey, D., and Cochrane, A. (1998) Rethinking the Region. London: Routledge.
Allen, J. and Cochrane, A. (2007) Beyond the territorial fix: Regional assemblages, politics and power. Regional Studies, 41(9): 1161–1175.
Ben-Artzi, Y. (2010) Integration between village and city from the perspective of planning and the supply of services. In M. Delgo (Committee Chair), Report of the Committee: Rural Settlement in 2025. Submitted to State President Mr. Shimon Peres, October 2010, 47–57. (In Hebrew)
Ben-Elia, N. (2006) The Missing Link: Regional Government in Israel. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. (In Hebrew)
Boschma, R. (2015) Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 49: 733–751.
Brenner, C. and Pastor, M. (2016) Whither resilient regions? Equity, growth and community. Journal of Urban Affairs, 38(1): 5–24.
Brenner, N. and Schmid, C. (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City, 19(2-3): 151–182.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2020)Peripherality Index for Settlements and Authorities (In Hebrew)
Christaller, W. (1933) Central Places in Southern Germany. Jena: Fischer. English translation by Carlisle W. Baskin. London: Prentice-Hall, 1966.
Christopherson, S., Michie, J., and Tyler, P. (2010) Regional resilience: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3: 3–10.
Cohen, D. (August 28, 2014) Letter to Interior Minister Mr. Gidon Saar: Proposals to Enhance the Efficiency and Improve the Work of the Interior Ministry in the Fields of Planning and Local Government. (In Hebrew)
Committee for the Unification of Authorities in the Southern District (2003) Concluding Report, Recommendations, and Considerations. Retrieved from http://www.moin.gov.il/LOCALGOVERNMENT/local%20authority/CHMap/Documents/Darom1.pdf . (In Hebrew)
Darel, Y. (2018) Minister secretly approve community for rich only in Negev, TheMarker, August 16, , retrieved from https://www.themarker.com/realestate/
.premium-1.6384950. (In Hebrew)
Dekel, T., Meir, A., and Alfasi, N. (2018) Formalizing Infrastructures, Civic Networks and Production of Space: Bedouin Informal Settlements in Be'er-Sheva Metropolis, Land Use Policy, 81, 91-99
Delgo, M. (Committee Chair) (2010). Report of the Committee: Rural Settlement in 2025. Submitted to State President Mr. Shimon Peres, October 2010, 47–57. (In Hebrew)
Dufaux, and Soja, E. (2010) Towards a regional democracy? Interview with Edward Soja (Paris, 30 September 2010).
Fainstein, S. (2013) The just city. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 18)1): 1–18.
Fischer-Tahir, A., and Naumann, M. (2013) Introduction: Peripheralization as the social production of spatial dependencies and injustice. In Fischer-Tahir, A., and Naumann, M. (Eds.) Peripheralization (9–26). Bonn: Springer.
Forum of Regionality Experts (2018) New Regionality in Israel: Conceptualizing Knowledge and Shaping the Perception of Regionality in Israel. Jerusalem: Interior Ministry and Elka Institute for Leadership and Governance. JDC-Israel. (In Hebrew)
Hadjimichalis, C. (1987) Uneven Development and Regionalism: State, Territory and Class in Southern Europe. London: Croom Helm.
Hananel, R. (2009) Distributive justice and regional planning: The politics of regional revenue-generating land uses in Israel. International Planning Studies, 14 (2): 177–199.
Hasson, S. (2006) The deficit in local democracy—democracy for show? Position Paper 3, Book of Local Government Conference II, Tel Aviv: School of Government and Policy, Tel Aviv University, 14–26. (In Hebrew)
Hasson, S. (2015) Shaping space in Israel in an era of uncertainty. Ha-Reshet ha-Geografit 8, 15–39. (In Hebrew)
Hasson, S., and Razin, E. (1990) What is hidden behind a municipal boundary conflict? Political Geography Quarterly, 9: 267–283.
Hillary, A. and Goh, K. (2021) out in space: difference and abstraction in planetary urbanization. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 45, 776-793.
Israel, E., and Frenkel, A. (2018) Social justice and spatial inequality: Toward a conceptual framework. Progress in Human Geography, 42(5): 647–665.
Jonas, A. (2012) Region and place: Regionalism in question. Progress in Human Geography, 36(2), 263–272.
Kühn, M. (2015) Peripheralization: Theoretical concepts explaining socio-spatial inequalities. European Planning Studies, 23(2): 367–378.
Lehrer, M. (2019) Review: Regional Clusters in Israel. Knesset (Israeli Parliament)– Research and Information Center. (In Hebrew)
Leick, B., and Lang, T. (2018) Re-thinking non-core regions: Planning strategies and practices beyond growth. European Planning Studies, 26(2): 213–228.
Levi, A., Wolfson, T., Popper, S., Efron, S., Whitaker, A., and Li, J. (2020). Local Government Reform and the Socioeconomic Gap in Israel – Building Toward a New Future. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Lipsitz, G. (2007) The Racialization of space and the spatialization of race: Theorizing the hidden architecture of landscape. Landscape Journal, 26(1): 10–23.
Meir, A., Tzfadia, E., and Roded, B. (2023) Temporal dynamics of contested local government among the Bedouin in Israel. Territory, Politics, Governance, 11, 776-793. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1860809.
Muraoka, T., and Avellaneda, C.N. (2021) Do the networks of intermunicipal cooperation enhance local government performance? Local Government Studies, 47, 616-636. DOI:o10.1080/03003930.2020.1869545
Nagar-Ron, S. (2021) Between the ‘Periphery’ and the Peripherality Index: The contribution of concepts and indexes to understanding and shaping reality. Teoriyah u-Vikoret 45: 135–147. (In Hebrew)
Paasi, A. (2003) Region and place: Regional identity in question. Progress in Human Geography, 27: 475–485.
Paasi, A. (2009) The resurgence of the ‘region’ and ‘regional identity’: Theoretical perspectives and empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe. Review of International Studies, 35(S1): 121-146.
Paasi, A., and Metzger, J. (2017) Foregrounding the region. Regional Studies, 51(1): 19–30.
Putnam, R. (1995) Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1): 64-78.
Razin, E. (2012) Is there a place for villages and regional councils in 21st-century Israel? Ofakim be-Geografiya, 81–82: 230–245. (In Hebrew)
Razin, E., and Hazan, A. (2006) Distribution of Municipal Wealth in Israel: Narrowing Gaps in the Income of Local Authorities. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. (In Hebrew)
Team to Promote Regionality in Israel (2020) Reform to Promote Regionality and Decentralization from Central Government to Local Government. Submitted to Interior Minister Aryeh Deri. (In Hebrew)
Reingewertz, Y. (2013) Unification of Local Authorities in Israel: Proposal and Lessons for the Future. Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel, Position Paper 2013.02. (In Hebrew)
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1991) Introduction. Public Administration, 69(1): 1–2.
Roded, B. (2010) Arad between Kasif and Barir—Governance of Neglectful Control. In: E. Tzfadia and H. Katz (eds.), A Neglectful State—A supervisory State / The Other Place of the State, 143–163. Tel Aviv: Resling. (In Hebrew)
Roded, B. (2025) Frontier delusion: The case of the Gaza Frontier. In preparation. (In Hebrew)
Roded, D. (2023) Planning a park as a place for unique expression and encounter between diverse communities, ahead of the Master Plan for the Development of Ran Grove / Arad Park.” Seminar, Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. (In Hebrew)
Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2017) The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it).” CEPR discussion paper no. DP12473.
Rozen-Tzvi, I. and Blank, Y. (2021) Regions in the democratic structure of Israel. Iyunei Mishpat, 34: 233-266. (In Hebrew)
Shammai, S. (1986) Regional awareness in Israel. Ofakim be-Geografiya 16, 37–59. (In Hebrew)
Sharvit, Y. (2020) The cash swallow-holes. Municipal Index, December 31, 2020: https://muni-index.co.il/2020/12/31/moneyswallowholes/. (In Hebrew)
Söderbaum, F. (2016) Early, old, new and comparative regionalism: The scholarly development of the field. In: Börzel, Tanja and Thomas Risse (Eds.): Oxford Handbook on Comparative Regionalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sofer, M. (2017) Changes in the rural domain in Israel: Development versus friction. Conference of the Geographical Society, Tel Aviv University, December 14, 2017. (In Hebrew)
Soja, E. (2002) The new regionalism: A conversation with Edward Soja. Interview by R. Ehrenfurt. Critical Planning, 9: 5–12.
Standing Geographical Committees: Changing the Map of Local Government (2016) Government Tenders Committee. Retrieved from https://www.mr.gov.il/
Files_Michrazim/234018.pdf . (In Hebrew)
Storper, M. (2011) Why Do Regions Develop and Change? The Challenge for Geography and Economics. Journal of Economic Geography, 11: 333–346.
Swirsky, M. (2011) Periphery – how calming. Conference: Center and Periphery in an Era of Social and Economic Changes. Beersheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. (In Hebrew)
Report on Promoting Regionalism (2020). Joint-Elka.
Townsend, A. (2019) Combined authorities for more sub-regions? Learning the adverse lessons from England beyond the metropolitan conurbations. Local Economy, 34(2): 123–138.
Tzfadia, E. (2006) Municipal boundaries and correcting material and conceptual injustices: Proposal for reform in the structure of local government in Israel. Local Government Conference 2 (168–173). Tel Aviv: School of Governance and Policy, Tel Aviv University. (In Hebrew)
Wollmann, H. (2004) Local Government Reforms in Great Britain, Sweden, Germany and France: Between multi-function and single-purpose organizations. Local Government Studies, 30(4): 639–665.
Yiftachel, O. (2001) Centralized power and divided space: ‘Fractured regions’ in the Israeli ‘ethnocracy’. GeoJournal, 53: 283–293.
Zanbar Commission, Report on the Unification of Authorities, 1981. Retrieved from: http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%20% D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2/newzanbar6.pdf. (In Hebrew)
Zohar, H. (2020) Decision Making in Boundary Disputes between Locales. Dissertation toward a master’s degree in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. (In Hebrew)
Published
2025-05-08
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