Radical Imaginations? Changing Concepts of Agrotourism and Development as a Platform for a Regional Change in Bedouin Villages of the Negev Highlands
Keywords:
Bedouin; environmental imagination; sense of place; regionalism; Negev Highland; relational geography; tourism; unrecognized villages
Abstract
The Negev Highlands, located in Israel's arid zone, have been home to Bedouin tribes for centuries. Families and clans attributed the meaning of their place to this vast area. Within this region, they maintained a semi-nomadic lifestyle, moving seasonally in search of pasture and water, relocating and adapting to changing weather conditions. In the early 1980s, these families were forced to settle in parallel with the peace agreements with Egypt and the declaration of most of the Negev Highlands as military training zones or nature reserves. They established villages on the edges of their grazing lands, which were not recognized by the state and, therefore, were not entitled to essential services. Many traditional practices were irrelevant in their new location and quickly disappeared. Our research follows a group of residents from one of those unrecognized Bedouin villages who attempted to imagine a different and better future for their community while staying within their village but transforming it into a Bedouin Heritage Center. Eight in-depth interviews with the Bedouin group's leaders revealed several shifts in their sense of place, which later gave rise to a new spatial identity and spatial socio-political organization. The article follows first how the interviews revealed a local changing sense of place. It then adds a relational geography perspective, articulating the Bedouin changing sense of place with changes in Israel’s development policies and economy in the Negev during the early 2000s and with changing global environmental discourses and free market ideas, we claim these articulations gave rise to new regionalism, new regional spatial and political formations within the Negev highland Bedouin villages.
References
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Christiaansen, S., & Haartsen, T. (2020). Experiencing place-change: A shared sense of loss after closure of village facilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 101432.
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Crumb, L., Chambers, C., Azano, A., Hands, A., Cuthrell, K., & Avent, M. (2023). Rural cultural wealth: Dismantling deficit ideologies of rurality. Journal for Multicultural Education, 17(2), 125–138.
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Jones, M. (2022). For a ‘new new regional geography’: Plastic regions and more-than-relational regionality. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 104(1), 43-58.
Gottlieb, N., Belmaker, I., Bilenko, N., & Davidovitch, N. (2011). Bedouin-Arab women's access to antenatal care at the interface of physical and structural barriers: A pilot study. Global Public Health, 6(6), 643-656.
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Guyot, S., & Seethal, C. (2007). Identity of place, places of identities: Change of place names in post-apartheid South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 89(1), 5564.
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Hay, R. (1998). Sense of Place in Developmental Context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18: 5-29.
Jones III, J. P., Leitner, H., Marston, S. A., & Sheppard, E. (2017). Neil Smith's scale. Antipode, 49, 138-152.
Kliot, N., & Waterman, S. (Eds.). (2015). Pluralism and Political Geography: People, Territory and State. London: Routledge.
Kressel, G. (2003). The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East. American Anthropologist, 105(4), 876.
Kudryavtsev, A., Krasny, M. E., & Stedman, R. C. (2012). The impact of environmental education on sense of place among urban youth. Ecosphere, 3(4), 1-15.
Kyle, G. & Chick, G. (2007). The social construction of a sense of place. Leisure Sciences, 29(3): 209–225.
Lefebvre, H. & Nicholson-Smith, D. (1991). The Production of Space (Vol. 142) Blackwell: Oxford.
Levin, I. M. (2000). Vision revisited: Telling the story of the future. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 36 (1), 91–107.
Lewicka, M. (2013). Localism and activity as two dimensions of people–place bonding: The role of cultural capital. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 43-53.
Manzo, L. C., & Devine-Wright, P. (2013). Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications. New York: Routledge.
Manzo, L. C., Kleit, R. G., & Couch, D. (2008). Moving three times is like having your house on fire once: The experience of place and impending displacement among public housing residents. Urban studies, 45(9), 1855-1878.
Marques, B., Freeman, C., Carter, L., & Pedersen Zari, M. (2020). Sense of place and belonging in developing culturally appropriate therapeutic environments: A review. Societies, 10(4), 83-95.
Massey, D. (2008). A global sense of place. In Oakes T. S. (Ed.) The Cultural Geography Reader (pp. 269-275). Routledge.
Massey, D. (2013). Space, Place and Gender. John Wiley & Sons.
Masterson, V. A., Stedman, R. C., Enqvist, J., Tengö, M., Giusti, M., Wahl, D., & Svedin, U. (2017). The contribution of sense of place to social-ecological systems research: A review and research agenda. Ecology and Society, 22(1), 49.
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McKittrick, K. (2011). On plantations, prisons and a black sense of place. Social and Cultural Geography, 12(8), 947–963.
Meir, A., & Tsoar, H. (1996). International borders and range ecology: The case of Bedouin transborder grazing. Human Ecology, 24 (1):39–64. doi: 10.1007/BF02167960.
Meir, A. (2009). Contemporary state discourse and historical pastoral spatiality: Contradictions in the land conflict between the Israeli Bedouin and the state. Ethnic and racial Studies, 32(5), 823-843.
Meir, A., & Karplus, Y. (2018). Production of space, intercultural encounters and politics: Dynamics of consummate space and spatial intensity among the Israeli Bedouin. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 43(3), 511-524.
Moore, D. S. (2005). Suffering for Territory: Race, place, and power in Zimbabwe. Duke University Press.
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effects. Ecology and Environment, 3 (1):54–61.
Paasi, A., Harrison, J., & Jones, M. (2018). New consolidated regional geographies. In Paasi, A. Harrison, J. and Jones, M. (Eds)Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories (pp. 1-20). Edward Elgar Publishing.
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Raymond, C. M., Kyttä, M., & Stedman, R. (2017). Sense of place, fast and slow: The potential contributions of affordance theory to sense of place. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1674-1686.
Relph, E.C. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London, England: Pion.
Robbins, P. (2019). Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Ryan, E. (2016). The relevance of regional political ecology for agriculture and food systems. Journal of Political Ecology, 23(1), 126-133.
Rudnitzky, A. (2011). Bedouin society in the Negev: social, demographic and economic characteristics. Israel: The Abraham Found Initiatives (In Hebrew).
Ryfield, F., Cabana, D., Brannigan, J., & Crowe, T. (2019). Conceptualizing ‘sense of place’ in cultural ecosystem services: A framework for interdisciplinary research. Ecosystem Services, 36, 100907.Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1-10.
Sedawi, W., Assaraf, O. B. Z., & Reiss, M. J. (2021). Regenerating our place: Fostering a sense of place through rehabilitation and place-based education. Research in Science Education, 51, 461-498.
Seamon, D. (2013). Place Attachment and Phenomenology. The synergistic dynamism of place. In: Manzo, L. C., & Devine-Wright, P. (Eds.). Place Attachment. Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications (pp. 9-22). New York: Routledge.
Sen, A., & Silverman, L. (Eds.). (2014). Making Place: Space and Embodiment In The City. Indiana University Press.
Shkedi, A. (2011). Words of Meaning: Qualitative Research-Theory and Practice. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University Ramot (In Hebrew).
Smith, N. (1992). Contours of a spatialized politics: Homeless vehicles and the production of geographical scale. Social Text, (33), 55-81.
Stokowski, P. A. (2002). Languages of place and discourses of power: Constructing new senses of place. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 368-382.
Sullivan-Wiley, K., & Teller, A. (2020). The integrated socio-perceptual approach: Using ecological mental maps and future imaginaries to understand land use decisions. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102151.
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Tzachor, Y. (2017). Our Backyard. Carmel. (In Hebrew).
Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2016). Moving beyond sense of place to care of place: The role of Indigenous values and interpretation in promoting transformative change in tourists' place images and personal values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8-9), 1243-1261.
Windsor, J. E., & Mcvey, J. A. (2005). Annihilation of both place and sense of place: The experience of the Cheslatta T’En Canadian First Nation within the context of large‐scale environmental projects. Geographical Journal, 171(2), 146-165.
Yahel, H., Kark, R., & Frantzman, S. J. (2012). Are the Negev Bedouin an Indigenous People? Middle East Quarterly, 3-14.
Zivan, Z. (2017). Jewish-Bedouin Frontier Relationships in the Negev 1940's-1950's. Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Dean, Y. Z., & Eltaiba, N. (2004). Cross-national study of attitudes towards seeking professional help: Jordan, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Arabs in Israel. International journal of social psychiatry, 50(2), 102-114.
Ardoin, N. M., Gould, R. K., Lukacs, H., Sponarski, C. C., & Schuh, J. S. (2019). Scale and sense of place among urban dwellers. Ecosphere, 10(9), e02871.
Ashkenazi, E. (2024). Cereal cultivation and storage by the Janabib Bedouin in the Negev Highlands, southern Israel (1917–1948). Journal of Arid Environments, 224, 105217-105223.
Ashkenazi, E., Chen, Y., Avni, Y., Lavee, S., (2015). Fruit trees survival ability in an arid
desert environment without irrigation in the Negev Highlands of Southern Israel. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 62, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.895561.
Avriel-Avni, N., Rofè, Y., & Scheinkman-Shachar, F. (2021). Spatial modeling of landscape values: Discovering the boundaries of conflicts and identifying mutual benefits as a basis for land management. Society & Natural Resources, 34(5), 553-570.
Bailey, C., (1985). Dating the arrival of the Bedouin tribes in Sinai and the Negev. J. Econ. Soc. Hist. Orient 28 (1), 20–49.
Beidler, K. J., & Morrison, J. M. (2016). Sense of place: Inquiry and application. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 9(3), 205-215.
Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction. London: Tavistock.
Burke, E., & Davis, D. K. (2011). Environmental Imaginaries of the Middle East and North Africa. Ohio University Press.
Carter, J., Dyer, P., & Sharma, B. (2007). Dis-placed voices: Sense of place and place-identity on the Sunshine Coast. Social & Cultural Geography, 8(5), 755-773.
Christiaansen, S., & Haartsen, T. (2020). Experiencing place-change: A shared sense of loss after closure of village facilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 101432.
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2004). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
Crumb, L., Chambers, C., Azano, A., Hands, A., Cuthrell, K., & Avent, M. (2023). Rural cultural wealth: Dismantling deficit ideologies of rurality. Journal for Multicultural Education, 17(2), 125–138.
Davis, D. K. (2016). The Arid Lands: History, Power, Knowledge. Mit Press.
Goldberg Committee Report (2009). https://www.gov.il/he/pages/goldberg Accessed: 26/01/2025
Jones, M. (2022). For a ‘new new regional geography’: Plastic regions and more-than-relational regionality. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 104(1), 43-58.
Gottlieb, N., Belmaker, I., Bilenko, N., & Davidovitch, N. (2011). Bedouin-Arab women's access to antenatal care at the interface of physical and structural barriers: A pilot study. Global Public Health, 6(6), 643-656.
Gregory, D. (1995). Lefebvre, Lacan and the production of space. In Benko G. B. and Strohmayer, U. (Eds) Geography, History and Social Sciences, GeoJournal Library, 15–44.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (1998). Narrative practice and the coherence of personal stories. Sociological quarterly, 39(1), 163-187.
Guyot, S., & Seethal, C. (2007). Identity of place, places of identities: Change of place names in post-apartheid South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 89(1), 5564.
Hall, S. (1997). Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In P. Mongia (Ed.), Contemporary Postcolonial Theory; A Reader. (pp. 110-121). New York: Arnold Publishing.
Hart, G. (2006). Denaturalizing dispossession: Critical ethnography in the age of resurgent imperialism. Antipode, 38(5), 977-1004.
Hart, G. (2018a). Becoming a geographer: Massey moments in a spatial education. In Werner, M., Peck J., Lave, R. and Christophers. B (Eds.) Doreen Massey: Critical Dialogues, Agenda Publishing, 75-89.
Hart, G. (2018b). Relational comparison revisited: Marxist postcolonial geographies in practice. Progress in Human Geography, 42(3), 371-394.
Hauge, Å. L. (2007). Identity and place: A critical comparison of three identity theories. Architectural Science Review, 50(1), 44-51.
Hay, R. (1998). Sense of Place in Developmental Context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18: 5-29.
Jones III, J. P., Leitner, H., Marston, S. A., & Sheppard, E. (2017). Neil Smith's scale. Antipode, 49, 138-152.
Kliot, N., & Waterman, S. (Eds.). (2015). Pluralism and Political Geography: People, Territory and State. London: Routledge.
Kressel, G. (2003). The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East. American Anthropologist, 105(4), 876.
Kudryavtsev, A., Krasny, M. E., & Stedman, R. C. (2012). The impact of environmental education on sense of place among urban youth. Ecosphere, 3(4), 1-15.
Kyle, G. & Chick, G. (2007). The social construction of a sense of place. Leisure Sciences, 29(3): 209–225.
Lefebvre, H. & Nicholson-Smith, D. (1991). The Production of Space (Vol. 142) Blackwell: Oxford.
Levin, I. M. (2000). Vision revisited: Telling the story of the future. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 36 (1), 91–107.
Lewicka, M. (2013). Localism and activity as two dimensions of people–place bonding: The role of cultural capital. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 43-53.
Manzo, L. C., & Devine-Wright, P. (2013). Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications. New York: Routledge.
Manzo, L. C., Kleit, R. G., & Couch, D. (2008). Moving three times is like having your house on fire once: The experience of place and impending displacement among public housing residents. Urban studies, 45(9), 1855-1878.
Marques, B., Freeman, C., Carter, L., & Pedersen Zari, M. (2020). Sense of place and belonging in developing culturally appropriate therapeutic environments: A review. Societies, 10(4), 83-95.
Massey, D. (2008). A global sense of place. In Oakes T. S. (Ed.) The Cultural Geography Reader (pp. 269-275). Routledge.
Massey, D. (2013). Space, Place and Gender. John Wiley & Sons.
Masterson, V. A., Stedman, R. C., Enqvist, J., Tengö, M., Giusti, M., Wahl, D., & Svedin, U. (2017). The contribution of sense of place to social-ecological systems research: A review and research agenda. Ecology and Society, 22(1), 49.
McKee, E. (2016). Dwelling in Conflict: Negev Landscapes and the Boundaries of Belonging. Stanford University Press.
McKittrick, K. (2011). On plantations, prisons and a black sense of place. Social and Cultural Geography, 12(8), 947–963.
Meir, A., & Tsoar, H. (1996). International borders and range ecology: The case of Bedouin transborder grazing. Human Ecology, 24 (1):39–64. doi: 10.1007/BF02167960.
Meir, A. (2009). Contemporary state discourse and historical pastoral spatiality: Contradictions in the land conflict between the Israeli Bedouin and the state. Ethnic and racial Studies, 32(5), 823-843.
Meir, A., & Karplus, Y. (2018). Production of space, intercultural encounters and politics: Dynamics of consummate space and spatial intensity among the Israeli Bedouin. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 43(3), 511-524.
Moore, D. S. (2005). Suffering for Territory: Race, place, and power in Zimbabwe. Duke University Press.
Oren, A. 2012. The infrastructure and the deployment of the IDF in the Negev: Environmental
effects. Ecology and Environment, 3 (1):54–61.
Paasi, A., Harrison, J., & Jones, M. (2018). New consolidated regional geographies. In Paasi, A. Harrison, J. and Jones, M. (Eds)Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories (pp. 1-20). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pedaya, H. (2011). Expanses: An Essay on the Theological and Political Unconscious. Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad. (In Hebrew).
Pretty, G. H., Chipuer, H. M., & Bramston, P. (2003). Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 273-287.
Raymond, C. M., Kyttä, M., & Stedman, R. (2017). Sense of place, fast and slow: The potential contributions of affordance theory to sense of place. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1674-1686.
Relph, E.C. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London, England: Pion.
Robbins, P. (2019). Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Ryan, E. (2016). The relevance of regional political ecology for agriculture and food systems. Journal of Political Ecology, 23(1), 126-133.
Rudnitzky, A. (2011). Bedouin society in the Negev: social, demographic and economic characteristics. Israel: The Abraham Found Initiatives (In Hebrew).
Ryfield, F., Cabana, D., Brannigan, J., & Crowe, T. (2019). Conceptualizing ‘sense of place’ in cultural ecosystem services: A framework for interdisciplinary research. Ecosystem Services, 36, 100907.Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1-10.
Sedawi, W., Assaraf, O. B. Z., & Reiss, M. J. (2021). Regenerating our place: Fostering a sense of place through rehabilitation and place-based education. Research in Science Education, 51, 461-498.
Seamon, D. (2013). Place Attachment and Phenomenology. The synergistic dynamism of place. In: Manzo, L. C., & Devine-Wright, P. (Eds.). Place Attachment. Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications (pp. 9-22). New York: Routledge.
Sen, A., & Silverman, L. (Eds.). (2014). Making Place: Space and Embodiment In The City. Indiana University Press.
Shkedi, A. (2011). Words of Meaning: Qualitative Research-Theory and Practice. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University Ramot (In Hebrew).
Smith, N. (1992). Contours of a spatialized politics: Homeless vehicles and the production of geographical scale. Social Text, (33), 55-81.
Stokowski, P. A. (2002). Languages of place and discourses of power: Constructing new senses of place. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 368-382.
Sullivan-Wiley, K., & Teller, A. (2020). The integrated socio-perceptual approach: Using ecological mental maps and future imaginaries to understand land use decisions. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102151.
Tuan, Y. F. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Tzachor, Y. (2017). Our Backyard. Carmel. (In Hebrew).
Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2016). Moving beyond sense of place to care of place: The role of Indigenous values and interpretation in promoting transformative change in tourists' place images and personal values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8-9), 1243-1261.
Windsor, J. E., & Mcvey, J. A. (2005). Annihilation of both place and sense of place: The experience of the Cheslatta T’En Canadian First Nation within the context of large‐scale environmental projects. Geographical Journal, 171(2), 146-165.
Yahel, H., Kark, R., & Frantzman, S. J. (2012). Are the Negev Bedouin an Indigenous People? Middle East Quarterly, 3-14.
Zivan, Z. (2017). Jewish-Bedouin Frontier Relationships in the Negev 1940's-1950's. Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
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2025-05-08
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